The Culturally Inclusive Educator Preparing For A...

Reflections on the reading The Culturally Inclusive Educator: Preparing for a Multicultural World by Dena Samuelson Developing an inclusive behavior necessitates the exclusion of oneself in the process. Acknowledging that others exist as they are without my own knowledge or interpretations of who they are appears to be the foundation of cultural inclusiveness. We should not be subject to the trappings of our own existence as to rely upon our own knowledge, biases, and limitations in recognizing others. The process is a moving out of oneself – the ability to view perspectives in the eye of another. We should not define or impose definitions on others for we may be limited to provide the knowledge to comprehend what we cannot see, have not seen, and may have failed to understand. Accepting that other people see things differently, go through life differently, and develop meanings about these things differently begins a multicultural perspective. Personally, this is an aha! experience to see that others’ being and becoming are not dependent on how they are perceived by others, by me. Pe ople are as they are themselves are capable of defining their existence. People should be recognized as able to choose their own meanings and purpose. They should not be as they are because I exist. As a future educator, I feel it is important not just to practice this behavior in my dealings with students and the society at large. The consciousness for embracing the differences of humanity,

Essay on Formalistic Analysis of Kate Chopins Desirees...

Formalistic Analysis of Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby The short story â€Å"Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby† is told by a third person omniscient point of view. The narrator, whose character or relationship to the story never receives any discussion, is a seemingly all-knowing observer of the situation. Although the narrator does not take sides towards issues that arise during the course of the text, her general view does shape the overall characterization of the white Southern society. The text exhibits interesting clues such as word choice, tone and mood, reappearing symbols and references that enrich the story and intensify its underlining message. The choice of French names and words reminds the reader of the stories’ setting and helps create an irony†¦show more content†¦L’Abri means â€Å"shelter† in French. It is ironic how Madame Valmondà © shudders at the sight of it and finds it to be a â€Å"sad looking place†. In the beginning the plantation virtually becomes a place of harmony and goodness since it is the home of Dà ©sirà ©e and her joy. As the plot advances, however, this previously mentioned grimness begins to break through, until the young mother is forced to leave the plantation. Armands’ prestigious estate therefore proves to be less than a shelter for his sensitive and gentle wife. The tone and mood created throughout the text and its drastic shift greatly affect the readers’ feelings on the situation. The first couple of paragraphs depict the newlyweds as a happy couple, filled with the joy of the birth of their son. As Dà ©sirà ©e’s mother visits her daughter appears to be overfilled with happiness. The descriptive details that first introduce the reader to Dà ©sirà ©e make the young woman and her surroundings appear overly idyllic. She enthusiastically tells about her husband and it becomes evident that her life revolves around him and his well being. The narrator further mentions that young Armand’s roughness had been softened by the presence of his loving wife and son. The overall mood created throughout the first part of the story is one of joy and harmony. This clashes with the atmosphere created by the description of the latter part of the story. Almost instantaneously

Comm. Studies Ia free essay sample

The Oxford School Dictionary describes music as A pattern of pleasant or Interesting sound made by Instruments or by the voice and this Is the theme of my Communication Studies Internal portfolio Music: How it Impacts the Lives of Male Teenagers. In the expository section, I presented a 10 minute speech to my teacher where I discussed the impact of music on Jamaican teenagers and teenagers in general. In this presentation I brought up points having to do with what music is, the benefits having to do with music, some drawbacks having to do with music, the overallInfluence It can have on teenagers and the advantages of doing music (learning how to play an Instrument and writing sheet music and songs). In my reflective piece, I chose to show in dialogue genre titled, Damon, Musical Genius how deeply music can influence teenagers. This dialogue is accompanied by a rationale that shows my Inspiration, purpose and Intended audience and the context In which this piece may be used. I have chosen to analyze the dialogue In terms or language registers and dialectal variations found herein. I am Interested In this theme because I wanted to discover psychological reasons why music Is such a great influence on the behavior of teenagers. As a former musician, I realized that this knowledge would help me to understand how music has influenced my decisions in the past and how it has shaped my future. Expository Background The focus of my expository our local music industry which has always been a major matter internationally. Reggae music is one of the most iconic genres thanks to the likes of Jamaican men such as Bob Marble, Barrington Levy, Beers Hammond, etc ND their music still inspires young Jamaican men up to this date. Danceable in a way as now taken over the role of reggae in the lives of these young men. One of the most influential danceable personalities at this time is Web Karate. Some may say that the message in Jamaican music has changed for the worse, but this is not the case. The message of the music can now be accessed easily as opposed to 20-50 years ago. If a positive message is added to the lyrical content, music can make a huge difference in the behavioral patterns of young Jamaican men.Music and male teenagers Males in their teenage years attempt to discover who they are as a person and what their purpose is. Music has the ability to convey inner emotions that the teenager does not have the ability to express. Learning how to play an instrument and produce/make music is a good outlet for the emotions of these teenagers. It gives them the ability to tell everyone what theyre about and what their purpose is. What influences music choices among male teenagers? Radios, Television programs and the Internet are some of the things that affect what type of music a teenager listens to.These factors determine what type of music is normal to the teenager. In Jamaica, Reggae, Danceable, Rap and Hip-Hop are noninsured normal while the Country or Rock genre would be considered as White people music. They are known as mass media which influence what the young men listen to. Friend and family can also determine what the teenager listens to. For someone to be a friend in the first place, there must me common interests, so if a friend was to introduce a new genre or song to the teenager, he is more likely to go and listen to it that if a stranger did.In the case of family, if they recognize that some of the lyrical content in certain genres are inappropriate for the teenager, they may prohibit them room listening to those genres and giving him more appropriate music, like Gospel. Is there a difference in behavior of teenagers among the social classes in Jamaica owing to their musical preference? Consider the music the input, the teenager processes it, and the action(s) of the teenager afterwards or the after effect of the music is the output could explain the how music impacts them.Listening to music with negative messages, in the likes of Heavy Metal which is considered to be demonic would produce a negative output from the teenager. On the other hand if the teenager listens to positive music in the ekes of Reggae or Go spel music, that the output would be positive as well. Music is a social statement. It is an outward means of expression. Through observation of the Jamaican youth, the lower class teenagers tend to gravitate to Danceable music, while the middle class youth gravitate towards Rap/Hip-Hop, and the wealthy youth prefers Rock music.These preferences in music denote the social class to which the teenager belongs therefore making a distinction in socially accepted behavior. Therefore, one could conclude that music influences behavior. An example of his is when Web Karate made a song about the shoe brand, Clacks and many individuals from the inner city, as well as middle class individuals began to purchase this brand and it became a social status symbol. When does music become a problem? Music in Jamaica is considered by many as problematic.This is true in cases where music is used to influence teenagers to take part in negative activities, for example: violence. Modern Danceable music tends to convey widespread violence, badness and unruly behavior. There are many Danceable songs that have positive assuages, but teenagers tend to gravitate towards what their elders tell them is wrong or restricted. The influence of these negative messages convinces the teens that these actions are appropriate if the person(s) they respect and look up to partake(s) in these activities.It is not only the inner city individuals that are influenced by music, some middle class individuals have also become more violent due to Danceable as well as becoming more materialistic due to Rap and Hip-Hop music. Some upper class individuals have also become materialistic due to this type of music. Music is timeless and invokes different emotions in different individuals. The music we listen to says a lot about who we are and out social standings. Music is important to young Jamaican men because it is seen as an outlet for emotion. Music has evolved over the years along with society.The influence mass media has on teenagers is not always appropriate and the negative behavior has become a way of life for some teens. On the other hand, positive behavior has become a way of life for other teens. Overall, the music industry and its undoubtedly influence on Jamaican teenagers comes down to personal choice and preference. Challenges experienced in exploring selected topic In my research for information on my selected topic Music: How it Impacts the Lives of Male Teenagers my major obstacle was organization of thoughts and time management.Jottings were made months prior to the typing up of the IA but never put into a presentable form. Also, more time consuming assignments were to be done were of greater priority than this one. Evaluation of the effect of source, context and medium on the reliability and validity of information gathered The information gathered in the putting together of this expository was collected ever the World Wide Web. Additional information was also attained through a secondary source, my mother, who has experience in the field of teenage sociology.While these sources may not be considered the most reliable, I considered the information I gathered though them very reliable and valid for this topic, as music is all over the internet. I consider my personal additions reliable as well as I have personal experience in the music field locally. Being a teenage male, I have experienced a lot of what is contained in this expository which further increases the reliability of the information I presented. I end with a quote by Ladles Huxley, an English writer. After silence, that which comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music. (See page 10 for Bibliography) For my reflective piece, I wrote a dialogue entitled Damon, Musical Genius. I have chosen this genre because it highlights the conflicts and struggles young teenage boys, like Damon face with peer pressure. The purpose of the piece is to highlight the value of a strong family and its roll in instilling values such as self-esteem and determination through the character of Damon. By using a Slice of Life literary quinine, it demonstrates how teenagers overcome temptations and can resolve emotional turmoil and make the right decisions.My intended audience is primarily teenage/adolescent boys aged 14-19 and secondly the gifted teenagers who have excelled in different areas of the arts, sports or sciences. This piece could be used as a role play in guidance class or could be traumatized during general assembly and then discussed afterwards. Reflective: Damon, Musical Genius Majestic green vegetation, cool mountain air, the awesome roar of the nearby river, these are a few words that can describe sixteen-year-old Damon Hours roundings. Damon lives with his parents in a rural area in Jamaica. He attended journey and took public transportation for the rest.He had to leave home by 5:1 Sam. Im leaving now! Damon shouted while making his way out the door. Okay darling! Dont idle out did day! Damsons mother replied. l wont mommy. Damon replied, reassuring his mother. Damon went to school following his regular routine. He was a music prodigy and often times would stay in the music room and practice with Mr.. Thompson, the schools music teacher. Damon enjoyed classical music and was determined to become a composer. One morning, while Damon was heading to the music room he was suddenly stopped by three other students, Billy, Hugh and Kevin.Wee yeah ugh? Billy asked. Nun see she him ah nerd adage? Him a go to him violin. Kevin said facetiously. Billy, Hugh and Kevin all laughed. If ah nerd, you stupid ENUM, skulking class FL music. Way music ague do FL huh? Hugh asked. Damon Just shook his head and walked away. He entered the music room where he sat down in silence. Boy, if your face was any longer wed have to start calling you Damon Horse {Damon Hours}. Whats the matter? Teased Mr.. Thompson. Nothing sir. Damon replied. Eve been around long enough to know what that means. Huh girlfriend Burk up wide you? Inquired Mr.. Thompson.Damon laughed, No sir, well, mum, a few students have been picking on me because I play the violin. Damon replied. You sure? Mr.. Thompson asked. Yes! To them its stupid but its my passion. Damon said with more energy. Well as long as you love what youre doing it shouldnt matter. Mr.. Thompson replied. Damon reflected as Mr.. Thompson left. Meanwhile, on the other side of school, the bullies were, making a plan to stop Damsons musical career. We have to stop the nerd. Kevin said. Him Jus fool fool, wasteland. Billy stated. Me have a plan, we can get a girl FL trick him. said Hugh. Who?Billy asked. Tracey. Hugh replied. The boys then began to search for Tracey. Shes a very pretty and devious brown girl. Tracey also had a crush on Hugh and would do anything for him. Ill talk to her guys. Hugh said. The other two left. l need a favor from you. Hugh said seriously. Anything for you. Tracey said blushingly. l need you to pretend to have a crush on Damon then make him stop playing music. Hugh said commandingly. E. W. that nerd boy? Why? Tracey asked. Just please, okay? Hugh said. Okay Tracey replied. Hugh walked away, Not even a thank you. Tracey muttered. The following day Damon came to school to a big surprise. Tracey was all over him. What? Damon asked. Long time me like you ENUM. We should link up after school under the big tree at the back of the school. Tracey replied. Definitely. said Damon. Damon made his way to the music room with a big smile on his face, he was ecstatic. Now you look like you could star Inman Batman movie as Joker, a way sweet you such? Mr.. Thompson asked Jokingly Tracey Jus ask me out. Damon replied. Way? Go Dee yet. Well more good news, based on your music exam, you have been Thompson informed Damon.Damon was elated, but this Joy would be short-lived. The school day finished and Damon kept his date with Tracey. l heard something about you today. said Tracey. What? Damon asked. You play the violin. .. replied Tracey. Yeah So. .? Damon said. l hate the violin You should stop.. . replied Tracey. Why? Music is the only thing I have really Apart from my parents and my health. Music is my friend its my passion, you might not like it but dont bash it. Damon said assassinate while a tear ran down his cheek. You wouldnt understand. Damon said.Tracey placed her hand on Damsons shoulder, l do understand though. I have no parents. I live in a foster home. Guys only like me for my looks and use me and I snob people to feel special. Tracey said. You are special though I like y- Damon didnt complete the statement as, Tracey kissed him. Billy, Hugh and Kevin were watching and rushed out. What? Thats not what I told you to do! Hugh exclaimed. Well I dont need you Hugh, I have Damon. Tracey replied. The bullies Just walked away. l have a performance at the Jamaica 50 elaboration and Im inviting you. Damon said. Of course I will. Tracey replied. Damon used the money he now makes to sponsor music programmer all over Jamaica to help youth follow their dreams in music. Analysis I have chosen to analyses my reflective piece Damon, Musical Genius in terms of language registers and dialectal variation. Language registers refer to a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting, in can be either a Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual or Intimate register. The choice of register is usually determined by the social setting.In this dialogue, there are spoke to his mother, he did so in a formal manner, Im leaving now! showing respect, his mother responded in a casual manner, Okay darling! Dont idle out did day! which suggests that the two have a close relationship. The consultative register was used between Damon and Mr.. Thompson because it is a student teacher relationship, an example of this was when Damon was explaining to Mr.. Thompson about the bullies and their misunderstanding of his musical passion, No sir, well, mum, a few students have been picking on me because I play the violin. and Mr..Thompson response Well as long as you love what youre doing it shouldnt matter was of a consultative nature. The intimate register was brought up when Damon and Tracey were conversing and Damon explained his passion for music and the violin, Why? Music is the only thing I have really. .. Apart from my parents and my health. Music is my friend its my passion, you might not like it but dont bash it and Tracey explained how shes always been used, l do understand though. I have no parents. I live in a foster home. Guys only like me for my looks and use me and I snob people to feel special. Dialectal Variation refers to changes in language due to various influences. These include: social, geographic, individual and group factors, in this case it can be any variation of Creole, Standard English or Slang. When the bullies (Billy, Hugh and Kevin) were mocking Damon, Nun see she him ah nerd adage? Him a go to him violin, If ah nerd, you stupid ENUM, skulking class FL music. Way music ague do FL huh? they used Creole because of their social background, and their attitude towards the dialect, teenagers tend to want to use the dialect more. Damon used mostly used Standard English throughout the piece.This suggests that he has respect towards the individuals he talks to by keeping formality. Slang were used among the bullies, two in particular are: Wasteland, Him Jus fool fool, wasteland which in Jamaica means he wastes a lot of time idling, and skull, If ah nerd, you stupid ENUM, skulking class FL music. .. Which in Jamaica has another meaning, to skip class, or is this case skulking which would mean in the process of skipping class. There are many elements for effective analysis and in this piece, Language Registers and Dialectal Variation were used to analyses the dialogue, this should vastly improve my portfolio.Conclusion In my portfolio: Music: How it Impacts the Lives of Male Teenagers, I have discussed the various issues that come up with this topic including: the benefits of music, the drawbacks of music, the overall influence music has on teenagers and the advantages of doing music. Through my research I have included in my oral Throughout each section I have shown how music influences the decisions teenagers make in their day to day lives. In the making of this portfolio, Eve discovered more psychological reasons why music is one of the powerful means of influence.

Nyse Essays - Financial Markets, New York Stock Exchange

Nyse The NYSE was first housed at a rented room at 40 Wall Street in 1817. A 5-story building at 10 Broad Street opened in 1865.It was enlarged and remodeled during the 1870s and 1880s, then was demolished in 1901 to make way for the current building.The new Exchange building at 18 Broad Street opened in 1903.Styled in the classical-revival manner popular at the time, it was designed by George B. Post, a well-known architect and engineer.The sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward designed the pediment.The eleven figures in the pediment are emblems of American commerce and industry.The central figure symbolizes integrity, bordered by figures representing sources of wealth. Other figures personify agriculture, mining, science, industry and invention.The view of lower Manhattan from the NYSE building includes the intersection of Nassau, Broad and Wall Streets and looks directly on Federal Hall, the historic site of George Washington's inauguration in 1789.It also includes Trinity Church at the end of Wall Street.The Main Floor occupies 36,000 square feet with a ceiling of 86 feet, including the Garage, Blue Room and Expanded Blue Room.It consists of 17 trading posts, 340 trading positions and 3,000 people who work on the trading floor.Trowbridge & Livingston designed a 23-story building on 11 Wall Street. The Garage was added as a second trading room when the Exchange opened in 1922.20 Broad Street opened in 1956.Added as a third trading room, the Blue Room opened in 1969 and was expanded in 1988.The Garage, Blue Room, and the Expanded Blue Room each measure 7,000 square feet.Each trading post represents the auction market for many different securities.Buy and sell orders are received on the terminals and executed in the open market.There are nearly 3,000 NYSE-listed companies and about 400 of them are non-US listed companies.There are more than 10,000 institutions investing in the NYSE.The total dollar value of the corporate size of all NYSE listed companies is more than $17 .3 trillion.The broker booths occupy the perimeter of the floor and are owned and operated by member firms.The NYSE trading floor contains 1,500 booth spaces.There are about 500 member firms in the NYSE. NYSE member firms employ 100,000 registered workers.Originally, only members and their guests were allowed to view the trading floor from the balcony known as the Member's Gallery, high above the floor. The media and guests of the NYSE now use it.The Ramp, NYSE's new, Three-Dimensional Trading Floor (3DTF) is a computer-generated trading floor representation used for operations control, information sharing and information distribution. It's the first large-scale virtual reality environment for business applications. The 3-D image is depicted on nine 25-inch PixelVision high-resolution, flat-panel monitors, including three monitors that allow the user to understand specific activities. The Advanced Trading Floor Operations Center, which houses the 3DTF, utilizes 6 Silicon Graphics high-powered Onyx2 graphics visualization supercomputers, 43 PixelVision high-resolution, flat-panel monitors, highly advanced software and innovative application code.The Interactive Education Center provides visitors with a technology-driven, user-friendly learning experience. The center features information booths, interactive stock trading exhibits, news feeds, stock prices and a view of the trading floor. The trading floor hosts 8,000 phone circuits, 5,000 electronic devices and 200 miles of fiber optic cable.1,100 tons of air conditioning are needed daily on the NYSE trading floor.About 3,500 kilowatts of power are consumed daily on the NYSE trading floor.One of the most familiar features of the New York Stock Exchange, the bell's loud ring signals the beginning and ending of trading each day. There is one large bell in each of the four trading areas of the NYSE. The bells are opera ted synchronously from a single control. The G. S. Edwards Company of Norwalk, Connecticut manufactured the bells, measuring 18 inches in diameter. In the late 1980s, the NYSE decided to refurbish the bells and have an extra bell made as a back up. While Edwards agreed to make a special replica for the NYSE, an older, larger bell was discovered in a crawl space above the main trading floor. Measuring 24 inches in diameter, this 1903 bell had most likely been put away because it was too loud, even for the New York Stock Exchange. After being cleaned and refurbished, this giant bell was toned down. It now gleams on a

Book of the Dead essays

Book of the Dead essays The Egyptian Book of the Dead is a collection of magic spells and formulas that was illustrated and written, usually on papyrus. It began to appear in Egyptian tombs around 1600 BC. The text was intended to be spoken by the deceased during their journey into the Underworld. It enabled the deceased to overcome obstacles in the afterlife. It did this by teaching passwords that allowed the deceased to turn into mythical creatures to navigate around hazards, while granting the help and protection of the gods, and proclaiming the deceased's identity with the gods. (http://members.aol.com/egyptart/book.html). The Egyptians believed that the human soul used the first night after death to travel into the afterlife. However, the body, which the Egyptians believed was an essential element to the afterlife had to be mummified. And this process took 72 days to perform properly. This also gave them time to put finishing touches on the tomb and to pack all the deceased's worldly possessions, which they would surely need in the afterlife. (http://members.aol.com/egyptart/ani.html) The Hall of Maat is where the judgement of the dead was performed. This was done by weighing one's heart (conscience) against the feather of Maat (truth and justice). When the person arrived for judgment, they would first declare their purity before an assembly of gods including Osiris. The Ibis headed god Thoth was on hand to record the result of the judgment. If the heart was lighter than the feather the dead person was allowed to pass on into the underworld, but if it failed the test then the Eater of souls would devour the deceased (akhet.co.uk/anubis.htm). Religion guided every aspect of Egyptian life. Egyptian religion was based on polytheism, or the worship of many deities, except for during the reign of Akenaton. The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses. Some, such as Amun, were worshipped throughout the whole country...

Examples of Legends in Literary Texts

Examples of Legends in Literary Texts A  legend is  a  narrative - often handed down from the past - that is used to explain an event, transmit a lesson, or simply entertain an audience. Though customarily told as true stories, legends often contain supernatural, bizarre, or highly improbable elements. Types of legends include folk legends and urban legends. Some of the worlds most famous legends survive as literary texts, such as Homers Odyssey and  Chrà ©tien de Troyes tales of King Arthur. Folktales and Legends Although folktales and legends are both important genres of orally told narrative, in many ways they are decidedly different. As folklorists use the term, folktales are fictional stories; that is, they are regarded as fictions by those who tell and listen to them...Legends, on the other hand, are true narratives;  that is, they are regarded by their tellers and listeners as recounting events that actually took place, although to say so is an oversimplification....Legends are historical accounts  (such as the account of Daniel Boones encounters with Indians); or they are sorts of news accounts (as with contemporary or urban legends in which, for example, it is asserted that a madman with a hook arm recently attacked parked teenagers somewhere nearby); or they are attempts to discuss human interactions with other worlds, whether in the present day or in the past...However, in the social contexts in which legends  are told, attitudes toward the veracity of any given narrative may differ; some people may accept its truth, others may deny it, still others may keep an open mind but not commit themselves. (Frank de Caro, Introduction to  An Anthology of American Folktales and Legends.  Routledge, 2015) How Have Legends Appeared in Literary Texts? One of the worlds most famous legends is the story of Icarus, the son of a craftsman in ancient Greece. Icarus and his father attempted to escape from an island by making wings out of feathers and wax. Against his fathers warning, Icarus flew too close to the sun. His wings melted, and he plunged into the sea. This story was immortalized in Breughels painting Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, which W. H. Auden wrote about in his poem Musee des Beaux Arts. In Breughels Icarus, for instance: how everything turns awayQuite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman mayHave heard the splash, the forsaken cry,But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shoneAs it had to on the white legs disappearing into the greenWater, and the expensive delicate ship that must have seenSomething amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.(From Musee des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden, 1938) As stories handed down from the past, legends are often revised by each subsequent generation. The first stories of King Arthur, for example, were recorded in Geoffrey of Monmouths Historia Regum Britanniae  (History of the Kings of Britain), which was written in the 12th century. More elaborate versions of these stories later appeared in the long poems of  Chrà ©tien de Troyes. By several hundred years later, the legend was so popular that it became the subject of parody in Mark Twains humorous 1889 novel  A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court.

Inclusion of EBD students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inclusion of EBD students - Essay Example Eventually, the United States federal government made numerous legislative changes to address this issue and have helped change public opinion to give special needs students many more advantages. Today the goal of the United States’ special education program is to enable children with special needs to become full members of society. One of the problems that the United States faces with special needs programs is that teachers are not preparing all special needs students as several slip through the cracks of an overburdened system. Students with invisible handicaps have been left behind and pushed aside. For example, students with emotional behavior disorders are not fully included in the school programming. The easiest way to deal with them has been to push them away into specially designed ‘behavior’ classrooms. Lack of funding has prevented many systems from including the kind of real support these students need to help them become successful in the classroom and, in turn, become full members of society. Throughout history the treatment of students with special needs has been troubled with injustice and inappropriate practices. Many special needs students were placed in asylums and institutions. The asylums and institutions of the early 1900’s were replaced with â€Å"special classes† by the 60’s and 70’s where students with disabilities were segregated and labeled. Although these classes were improvement over the asylums, the children in these programs were stigmatized and were given little opportunity to interact with the general population in the schools. These students had little understanding of the social networking necessary for integration into society and therefore had little chance of success. With time, these special classes gradually began to include students with less obvious disabilities. In these classes students were taught by

Case week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case week 2 - Essay Example U.S. companies justify this trend by indicating that it reduces their costs which in the end, makes them more competitive globally. The country that benefits from the outsourcing of skilled white-collar jobs to developing nations are the developing nations because it provides employment to their people. The losers are the other skilled white-collar workers in the rich nations because they will find difficulty in looking for a job since it was outsourced from other countries who have a much lower labor cost. These white-collars workers in the rich country may either be out of job or will be forced to accept a job which offers a lower rate just to remain competitive. Opponents of outsourcing claim that â€Å"the loss of competitive advantage to other countries is permanent and the American worker and economy lose forever (Saleem, 2008). Yes, the United States will suffer from the loss of high-skilled and high-paying jobs because most companies would rather hire individuals from Third World countries who have the same skills as those found in the U.S. but the cost of labor will be cheaper. Since outsourcing means fewer jobs for the Americans, it means that the unemployed sector of the U.S. will not have the capacity to spend. If they do not have the purchasing power, then those who produce the goods will not earn too (Saleem, 2008). Proponents of outsourcing however say that outsourcing is necessary for the productivity and competitiveness of the U.S. economy since the companies realize cost savings from hiring people at lower rates. (Elstrom, 2007). c. Is there a difference between the transference of high-paying white-collar jobs, such as computer programming and accounting, to developing nations and low-paying blue-collar jobs? If so, what is the difference, and should government do anything to stop the flow of white-collar jobs out of the country to countries such as India? There is not much difference between the transference to

Body modification Essay Example for Free

Body modification Essay Nowadays, students have more opportunities to choose what sport they want to play. One of them, for example, is Ultimate Frisbee. It is a rising sport here in the Philippines. It is played with a disc with 7 players per team, 4 boys and 3 girls or 5 boys and 2 girls but the 4/3 ratio is more applied in almost all leagues and tournaments. Basically, the goal of this game is to score in an end zone and played with a 50-min. time cap or in the finals just a 15-pt. point cap. There have been countless leagues and tournaments for students. One kind of tournament is the NUCC or the National Ultimate Collegiate Championship. It is tournament exclusively for students and alumni of different schools. I asked some of the student-athletes on how they manage their time on playing and academics. It is pretty hard to manage time with the training schedule and their academics, as I am one of the student-athletes. Some of the ones that I asked answered that they put their academics first before they go to play or to train and some procrastinate their acads for ultimate Frisbee while some have a specific schedule for training. All of the student-athlete say that they sometime have to sacrifice one for the other but they try to get back what they lost. They say that it’s time management that you need when you are a Student-Athlete. Every sport has their own sports attire and gear. And Ultimate Frisbee has its own specific attire and gear. Examples of these are: dry-fit shirt with the team’s name on the front and the player’s number on the back, dry-fit shorts, and cleats or spikes. Injuries are almost a part of playing this sport as sometimes you cannot predict that you will have a tiny bruise or even yet break your anterior cruciate ligament or ACL or your ankle so some of the players who already injured their ACL or ankle have knee or ankle support when they play, after their recovery, and to protect them from the harmful rays of the sun they wear sunblock, hats, and rash guards. Sometimes the disc slips off the hands of the players hence they wear a special glove that is anti-slip. The pictures below are examples of what Ultimate Frisbee players wear. There is also a new up-rising sport in the world of Board Sports here in the Philippines. It is Longboarding or Downhill Longboarding. Basically, a longboard is just the bigger brother of the skateboard because the longboard is bigger, wider, and more stable than the skateboard. The rule of Downhill Longboarding is like any other race-oriented sport, whoever goes through the finish line wins but the twist is you are in a board with speeds reaching up to 75 km/h depending on what the track is and the fastest known hill here in Metro Manila is in Sierra Madre. There are also different types of competition in Longboarding not just downhill racing, and they are: Slide jams, and Push races. Slide jam is a competition where you can show what your hardest and coolest tricks and judges decide who the winner is. Push race is a race where you push or in the players’ jargon term â€Å"padyak† from the starting line to the finish line and the distance is very far. The last recent push race held here in Metro Manila, the Sector 9’s Push Don’t Pollute which was a 10-km race. These competitions have various categories and they are: Men’s A, Men’s B, Women’s, Amateur, and Open. There is a very special kind of playing longboard and it combines all the three types, it is Freeriding. In Freeriding, you can do outrageous drifts and slides which is on an open road unlike the other three where you are playing on a closed road. And under Freeriding is Freestyles, on this type you can do dances, grab tricks, and manuals or wheelies. Like all other extreme sports, Downhill Longboarding has also safety rules like: wear safety gears and leathers. Safety gears are helmet, gloves, knee pads, and elbow pads. In downhill racing, the safety gears are just helmet, gloves and leathers. And in the other two, its helmet, gloves, knee pads and/or elbow pads. Here are the photo examples of Longboarding: The Hipster: Carmela Llorca An Article on Hipsterism on psychologytoday. com The Sad Science of Hipsterism The Psychology of Indie Bands, PBR and Weird Facial Hair Published on September 8, 2010 by Jeff Wise in Extreme Fear Behold the hipster, the stylishly disaffected breed of twentysomethings whose fog of twee whimsy envelops Williamsburg and the East Village. Most who encounter the hipster in its natural habitat respond in one of two ways: derision or ridicule. But science does not cast judgment. Its goal is to explore and explain dispassionately, whether the object of study be the noble eagle or the lowly nematode. So what does science have to tell us about this fascinatingly misunderstood breed, the indigenous North American hipster? Surprisingly much. In a paper in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Consumer Research entitled Demythologizing Consumption Practices: How Consumers Protect Their Field- Dependent Identity Investments from Devaluing Marketplace Myths, authors Zeynep Arsel and Craig J. Thompson delve deep into the phenomenon of hipsterism, and in particular its most abiding mystery: if everyone hates hipsters, why would anyone want to be one? The long and short of it is that they dont. In general, psychologists who study consumers understand that people are largely motivated to spend money not just on things that they materially need, but that bolster their sense of identity. They purchase not just goods and services, but mythologies. Imagining themselves as rugged, rebellious patriots, they buy a Harley-Davidson. Imagining themselves as respected and well-heeled, they buy a Lexus. Hipsters, though, follow a different paradigm. Their problem is that their purchases tend to place them within a category whose mythology they despise. Thats right: Nobody likes hipsters, not even hipsters. As Arsel and Thompson put it, the beats of the 50s and hippies of the 60s and 70s, both of which had an admirable authenticity about them even if you didnt care for the particulars, eventually gave rise to the millennial hipster, which came to be represented as an uberconsumer of trends and as a new, and rather gullible, target market that consumes cool rather than creating it. As examples of the dorkification they cite online parodies of the iconic Mac v. PC ads and this viral YouTube video. The upshot being that any people who legitimately enjoy all the trappings on hipsterhood the authors mention Pabst Blue Ribbon, Puma, and the trucker hat must psychologically distance themselves from the demographic group of which they are so clearly a part. And so their subconscious brains have to work double time so that they can convince themselves that the things they buy do not reflect on their true character. Arsel and Thompson interviewed hipsters and asked them how they dealt with the problem of being identified as such. The answer, they found, was to demythologize the hipster experience, that is, to psychologically reclassify their own behavior as being separate from the aggregate activity that the rest of the world lumps together as hipster. They interviewed one consumer, identified as Scarlet, who told them: Im not gonna lie, I shop at Urban [Outfitters] sometimes, only when its on sale of course I like doing a lot of the things that are the hipster thing to do, but I do them because I like to do them, not because theyre the cool thing to do. And because I am immersed in the social scene where there are a lot of hipsters, people mistake me for being one of them. The deeper irony is that those who try to assert their independence from the commodification of identity wind up tapping into another marketplace myth, what the authors call the myth of consumer sovereignty. This is the idea that by assiduously selecting from all the identity markers available for purchase, a person can assemble one that authentically reflects their true self independent of the marketplace. Some of the hipsters that Arsel and Thompson talked to are well aware of the futility of this project. Said one, identified as Tom: I dont necessarily know every single weird obscure band. I dont necessarily want to. But I mean, yeah, who do I hang out with? I hang out with like a bunch of tattooed indie dorks. So, yeah, I guess I am but I wouldnt self-identify, I think. Id listen to stuff thats outside the mainstream or its like I dress weird compared to the majority of the population. I just try not to think about it too much. The minute you start identifying with a subcultureyou kind of lose individuality, surrender part of your identity, and we dont wanna do that. This, then, is the essence of being a hipster. Pretending you arent one. Filipino hipsters today can be found mainly in Cubao Expo or in The Collective in Makati. Many hipsters hate that they are called hipsters because it would connote them to a certain stereotype. Jobless, irresponsible, beer-drinking, night-dwelling twentysomethings who have vast knowledge of some obscure topic that is not mainstream. The goal is, the more you know of this something that has been never heard of, the higher you are in the hipster ladder. Additional points to those who are environmentally aware, more points if you are vegetarian and more points if you only smoke either marijuana or cigarettes. Sarcasm and wit are the main means of discussion and usually topics flow from â€Å"which was the best circa for French films† to â€Å"Philosophical take on my coffee choices† Nonetheless, this stage of life is a purgatory for those who don’t have anything solid they can call a career or just lazy to actually start on and would rather debate on the importance of a job. Don’t get me wrong, there are ACTUAL HIPSTERS. Those whose actual being is an admirer of the past eras, have an interest in something peculiar or probably, really an environmentalist who goes around riding bikes. The Professional: Theresa Llamas Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Katz, D. ; Braly, K. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 28(3), Oct 1933, 280-290. The degree of agreement among the students in assigning characteristics from a list of 84 adjectives to different races seemed too great to be the result solely of the students contacts with members of those races. Individual experience may have entered into a students judgment, but it probably did so to confirm the original stereotype which he had learned. Because human beings from time to time exhibit all kinds of behavior he could find confirmation of his views. By omitting cases which contradict the stereotype, the individual becomes convinced from association with a race that its members are just the kind of people he always thought they were. The manner in which public and private attitudes are bound up together was shown in the order of the 10 racial and national groups as determined by the definiteness with which students assigned characteristics to them. The definiteness of the stereotyped picture of a race, however, had little relation to the prejudice exhibited against that race. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH TATTOOS AND PIERCINGS: MOTIVES, FAMILY EXPERIENCES, PERSONALITY FACTORS, AND PERCEPTION BY OTHERS GORDON B. FORBES Body piercing, which is prevalent in young adults, has been suggested to be associated with features usually related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as high-risk behaviours and psychopathological symptoms and might be motivated by a wish to deal with prior traumatic experiences. However, to date, no research has investigated the relationship between this practice and PTSD symptoms. The present research aims to investigate the possible relationship between body piercing and PTSD symptoms in French-speaking young adults. According to our results, having two or more body piercings was associated with a twofold increased risk for scoring above the cut-off score for PTSD on the PTSD checklist. Our findings suggest that two or more body piercings might serve as an identifiable marker for PTSD symptoms and may have important implications for clinical screening. Copyright  © 2012 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Read More: http://www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/pr0. 2001. 89. 3. 774 PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TATTOOED AND NONTATTOOED INDIVIDUALS VIREN SWAMI This study examined differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals on a range of personality and individual difference measures. A community sample of 540 individuals from the southern German-speaking area of central Europe completed a survey consisting of measures of the Big Five personality factors, Need for Uniqueness, Self-esteem, sensation seeking, Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, Attitudes Toward Tattoos, tattoo possession, and demographics. Preliminary analyses showed that 22% of the total sample possessed at least one tattoo. Further analyses showed that, compared with non-tattooed (n = 420) individuals, tattooed participants (n = 120) had significantly higher scores on Extraversion, Experience Seeking, Need for Uniqueness, and held more positive Attitudes Toward Tattoos, although effect sizes of these group differences were generally small- to medium-sized. These results are considered in relation to the contemporary prevalence of tattoos in socioeconomically developed societies. Read More: http://www. amsciepub. com/doi/abs/10. 2466/09. 07. 21. PR0. 111. 4. 97-106 Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice: an example from UK qualifying level social work education. Bell, Linda and Allain, Lucille (2010) Exploring professional stereotypes and learning for inter-professional practice: an example from UK qualifying level social work education. Social Work Education, 30 (3). pp. 266-280. ISSN 0261-5479 This paper explores the concept of stereotyping from UK social work students’ and educators’ perspectives. It discusses findings from an exploration of inter-professional practice with two cohorts of final year social work students in a UK university. The authors adapted a questionnaire (Barnes et al, 2000; Hean et al, 2006) to initiate discussion about inter-professional working with BA and MA students participating in a specialist child and family social work module. This paper analyses students’ responses to the questionnaire and explores wider issues relating to professional stereotyping and identity, discussing the usefulness of these concepts for social work education and collaborative practice. Results suggest that student social workers held both positive and negative assumptions about specific occupations / professions (such as medicine), and that these acted as a mirror or tool for reflecting back their own views of social work identity/ies. We argue that this pedagogic exercise in identifying stereotypical assumptions about ‘others’ may encourage the building of a positive sense of ‘own’ professional identity. We further suggest that students should be encouraged to construct a core social work identity that is dynamic and responsive to changing contexts. Body modifications, sexual activity, and religious practices. Rivardo MG, Keelan CM. Source: Department of Psychology, Saint Vincent College, 300 Fraser Purchase Road, Latrobe, PA 15650, USA. mark. [emailprotected] edu Relations among body modifications (i. e. , tattoos and piercings), sexual activity, and religious practices and beliefs were examined. In previous studies, Koch and colleagues found the type of body modification seemed to interact with sex to predict sexual activity; but only weak, negative correlations were found between tattoos and religious beliefs and practices. In a sample of 236 students (M age=20. 1 yr. ) from a small Catholic liberal arts college, numbers of tattoos and sexual partners were correlated statistically significantly. Other results differed by t sex: men with piercings were more likely to have had premarital intercourse, and women who had had premarital intercourse had more piercings than women who had not. There were no statistically significant correlations among body modifications and religious variables.

Essay --

Rock & Roll Singer "My goal is to be remembered as a human being and as a great performer" (Scalia). Bobby Darin, born Walden Robert Cassotto on May 14th 1936 and later died on December 20th 1973 at the age of 37. Darin was an American singer, songwriter, and actor of film and television. He was the son of an Italian-born cabinet maker in Bronx, New York. He had a normal childhood as many did and was backed with a loving family who supported and encouraged his every musical move. As a child he suffered something called severe rheumatic fever, which is inflammatory disease that may develop as a complication of a streptococcus infection. It is often similar to Strep throat or scarlet fever. This caused him to be much protected in his life and helped him strive to be as successful as he could be with the short life that he had. Later in life he found out that the people he grew up thinking were his parents were in fact not, his mom was the his sister and his ‘parents’ were actually his grandp arents, he never found out who his father was. Although he had many complications that did not stop him from following his dream. Darin was well versed and spread out with the many instruments that he played. He started out playing in a band in high school and later landed at job at Catskills resort with his band for the summer. After High school he enrolled at Hunter College where he started his professional music career writing songs for the Aldon Music label. â€Å"After scratching out an existence as a commercial-jingle composer, he changed his name to Bobby Darin, and became a professional singer in 1956† (Scalia).That is when he signed for own first record contract with Atco. â€Å"While writing songs, Darin met singer Connie Francis, and he help... ...73. Darin had suffered from rheumatic fever as a child. He had always suffered from heart problems and they finally started to catch up with him. â€Å"†¦suffering a minor heart attack in January 1971, but he went on to enjoy roles in 'Ironside' (1971) and 'Night Gallery' in 1972 before making what would be his final appearance in 'Happy Mother's Day, Love George' in 1973† (Bobby Darin Biography). On December 11, 1973, he was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles to get repairs to artificial heart valves that had previously been implanted. Even though his time was cut short his music still lived on appearing in numerous films and movie soundtracks, including Goodfellas, American Beauty and The Sopranos. Darin’s life story was brought to the big screen in ‘Beyond the Sea in 2004’. Bobby Darin was in the process of making a comeback when he died in 1973.

A Farewell to Arms Summary and Critical Analysis Essay

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in suburban Oak Park, IL, to Dr. Clarence and Grace Hemingway. Ernest was the second of six children to be raised in the quiet suburban town. His father was a physician, and both parents were devout Christians. Hemingway had an aptitude for physical challenge that engaged him through high school, where he both played football and boxed. Because of permanent eye damage contracted from numerous boxing matches, Hemingway was repeatedly rejected from service in World War I. Hemingway also edited his high school newspaper and reported for the Kansas City Star, adding a year to his age after graduating from high school in 1917. After this short stint, Hemingway finally was able to participate in World War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. He was wounded on July 8, 1918, on the Italian front near Fossalta di Piave. During his convalescence in Milan, he had an affair with a nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky. Hemingway received two decorations from the Italian government, and he joined the Italian infantry. Clarence Hemingway had been suffering from hypertension and diabetes. This painful experience is reflected in the pondering of Robert Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls. In addition to personal experiences with war and death, Hemingway’s extensive travel in pursuit of hunting and other sports provided a great deal of material for his novels. Bullfighting inspired Death in the Afternoon, published in 1932. In 1934, Hemingway went on safari in Africa, which gave him new themes and scenes on which to base The Snows of Kilamanjaro and The Green Hills of Africa, published in 1935. In 1950 he published Across the River and Into the Trees, though it was not received with the usual critical acclaim. In 1952, however, Hemingway proved the comment â€Å"Papa is finished† wrong, in that The Old Man and the Sea won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953. In 1954, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. On July 2, 1961, he died of self-inflicted gunshot wounds. He was buried in Ketchum. â€Å"Papa† was both a legendary celebrity and a sensitive writer, and his influence, as well as some unseen writings, survived his passing. In 1964, A Moveable Feast was published; in 1969, The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War; in 1970, Islands in the Stream; in 1972, The Nick Adams Stories; in 1985, The Dangerous Summer; and in 1986, The Garden of Eden. Hemingway’s own life and character are as fascinating as in any of his stories. On one level, Papa was a legendary adventurer who enjoyed his flamboyant lifestyle and celebrity status. However, deep inside lived a disciplined author who worked tirelessly in pursuit of literary perfection. Being married before or after doesn’t effect the child physically or delays its birth. Marriage in this sense is the outward form of their love. Marriage in the physical sense before or after the fact means nothing as with Catherine’s early comment of â€Å"I couldn’t be any more married. † Henry and Catherine surely learned that they were in love no matter married or not. Having a ring on the finger doesn’t make the love any stronger it just a psychical representation of their love. Henry ignores the temptations of the outward forms of religion, love, and symbols as he achieves becoming authentic. The conclusion of â€Å"A Farewell To Arms† with all its death is marked by a rebirth. Henry looses his child and his lover. He finally achieves the status of being authentic in the final scene â€Å"It was like saying good-by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain. † Henry prior to Catherine death was seeking hope. During Catherine’s final hour Henry prayed to God once more only to go unanswered:Please, please, please, dear God, don’t let her die. Dear God, don’t let her die. Please, please, please, don’t let her die. God please don’t make her die. I’ll do anything you say if you don’t let her die. You took the baby but don’t let her die. That was all right but don’t let her die. Please, please, dear God, don’t let her die. He now knows all the things around him are false. Henry now knows the true forms of religion,patriotism, and love are empty forms of hope. He know knows that any hope must only comefrom within. Henry is now an authentic in that â€Å"He walks quietly back to the hotel in the rain. † andknows that only he can shape his destiny.

Willy Russell’s Blood Brothers is one of the most popular plays currently running in London’s West end

* From reading the play why do you think it's so popular? * What dramatic devices and theatrical techniques does he use that make it such an enjoyable show? Going to the theatre is different from reading a book because in the theatre the play is live. In the theatre you can see emotion on the actor's faces, there's also the music and the lightings, and you can see the body expression of the actors and their reactions. In a book you have to use your imagination and you can be wrong in some points. There is nothing like going to the theatre; it's a unique experience because you have to share the pay with the rest of the audience it's like at home when you're sitting on a sofa. In a theatre the atmosphere is different because of the lighting effects and the music but also because of the rest of the audience with who you share a play but also feelings and emotions. In the theatre you can empathise with the characters. I think that going to the theatre is a really unique experience because sitting with a lot of people and to have a same feeling and a same emotion; it's a bit funny but also exciting. Blood Brother is about twins who are separate at birth. They grew up at friends and they didn't know that they're brothers until the day of their death. This play is a musical and a black comedy, it's not just a comedy it's also a tragedy as well, and this is what we call a tragic-comedy. This play is an enjoyable and interesting show because Willy Russell talks about classes, friendship, growth, love. In this play, my favourite characters are Eddie and Linda. I like them because Linda represent the feminism, by that I mean that in the play she's changing, she's becoming a women and the audience can follow her in her growth: â€Å"I've got mud all over me shoes†. She acts like a teenage girl not like a young girl like she used to be. I empathise with Linda because it's like seeing me growing except for the children that she's going to have! And Eddie because he's really posh and doesn't know anything: † Eddie: Why? Mickey: Because if Sammy gives us a sweet he's actually weed on it first. Eddie: It sounds like super fun† He sounds stupid but hopefully Linda and Mickey are there for him. Willy Russell can create tension on stage by using the lighting effects which go with the emotions. E.g.: When it's a tense scene the lights go red. He can create atmosphere and mood by using lights but also with what the narrator is saying: â€Å"So did you ever hear the tale of the Jonhston twins†¦Bring on the mother let the story begin†. His language helps to create an atmosphere; it's usually dark and sinister: â€Å"The Devil's in the backyard, he can see†¦No you won't, no you'll never get away from him†. Willy Russell makes the audience involved by using dramatic irony which occrus when the audience is given information which the characters do not have, like at the very beginning of the scene when the audience know about the twin's separation but the twins don't know. Another example of dramatic irony is when Eddie gives a job to Mickey but Mickey doesn't know about it that make the audience feels afraid he will findout because we know he'll be angry. One of the dramatic moment is when Eddie came back from University, he's rich and doesn't know about working to feed a family, on the contrary Mickey has to work for Linda and him, he's poor and his wife is pregnant. But Eddie doesn't understand why it's so important for Mickey to work, because he has already got what he wants, he would be staring at Mickey with an innocent face and talk with a posh voice: † Eddie: Why is a job so important? If I couldn't get a job I'd just say ‘sod it' and draw the dole, like a bohemian, tilt my hat to the world and say ‘screw you'. So you're not working. Why is it so important?†. The other dramatic moment is when Eddie is talking with Mrs Johnston I think that there's lot of emotion in that scene because the audience is surprised and then happy because Mrs Johnston and her son Eddie are finally together, even if it's not for a long time. I think that it's really touching because Mrs Johnston let him act like her child and don't try to make him go away: â€Å"She takes him, cradles him to her, letting him cry†. The most touching moment in that play in my opinion, is when Eddie comes to Mrs Johnston's house to tell Mickeythat he's going to move. I think that in this scene there's lot of feelings, because that 7 years old boy coming to say bye to his Blood Brother, but also the way Mrs Johnston reacts is amazing and natural, the audience can feel that even if her son is not next to her day after day, she still loves him a lot. She talks to him, and she tries to keep both of her twins safe. In this play, Willy Russell is talking about ordinary people from Britain, is trying to show that adolescent grow all differently with different past, present and future. Our future is different because of our education, parents money but also friendship and love. He explores the superstiton with Mrs Johnston, the mother who is in this play a superstitious person: â€Å"Oh God. Never put new shoes on a table, Mrs Lyons. You never know what'll happen.†. He also thinks that the British system class is unfair because if you pay attention to the kids even if they come from diffenrent classes they play together because kids are just kids Mickey is not really old but he is working really hard to have a house, to grow his kids and have a decent life, while Eddie has got his dad's job at the factory whitout doing anything. This is how money and classes can make people's life change. He thinks that superstition isn't a good thing, he plays with the fact that Mrs Johnston is superstitious. Mickey represents the working class and Eddie represents the Upper Middle Class. And when Mickey is holding a gun, ready to shot Eddie it's like a threat to the Upper Middle Classpeople. And when Eddie gave a job to Mickey is to prove how the Upper Middle Class is influential: † Linda: Oh. Are you? The Chairman? Eddie: Nodding, laughing You look very funny sitting there you know. Don't you think you'd better come into my office? He offers his hand, she takes it, gets up nad follows him Now what's the problem? They enter an ‘office' Eddie reaplacing telephone Now? Where's the problem? You can move in next week. Smiles Linda: Eddie. Thanks! Eddie, we've been trying to get moved for five years. You fix it up in five minutes! Eddie: Exctly. You should have asked me earlier.† One of the moment who made me think is when Mickey is talking about growing: † Mickey: NO! I don't wantyour money. Stuff it. Mickey watches as Eddie turns and picks up the notes Eddie standing and looking at him Eddie, do me a favour will you? Piss off. Eddie: Pause I thought†¦ I thought we always stuck together. I thought we were†¦ blood brothers. Mickey: That was kids' stuff, Eddie, didn't anyone tell you? Pause Mickey looking at him. An ironic snort But I suppose you still are a kid aren't you? Eddie: I'm exactly the same age as you. Mickey: Yeh. But you're still a kid. I wish I could still be that as well, Eddie†¦ and believe in all that bloddbrother stuff. But I cant. Because while no one was looking, I grew up. And you didn't. Because you didn't need to. I don't blame you for it Eddie. If I was in your shoes I'd be the sae. But I'm these shoes, looking at you. And you make me sick! Right? That was all just kids' stuff, Eddie, and I don't want to be reminded of it. Right? So just, take yourself away. Go and see your friends and celebrate with them. Pause Go on†¦ beat it before I hit you. Eddie looks and then slowly backs away† He communivates his feelings and this is why it's so moving and an important moment. Then there's the music which add the background atmosphere. I think that this play is the best I've ever read, everyone can read it and even if your learning English it's quite easy. This play explores life, the reason why this play is fantastic it's becase it's talking about everything. This play is engaging but aso really interesting, there's always something hapening and the characters are all nice in their own way. There's also a politic idea in that play, because the boys life are totally different and you can see it by the way they're growing. We can find loads of emotions. Willy Russell uses humour by what the characters are saying, he puts two grown men dressed inchildren's clothes to play the role of 7 years old kids which are playing cowboys and indians. This play is very impressive, fun and pleasing. I really liked it and fully understand why it's such a sucess on the London stage.

The hardship of my life.

The hardship of my life. Free Online Research Papers Hi, my name is Julie Ann Jacobs. I am the third of four kids, two older brothers and a younger sister. I was born on the 21st day of April in 1900 to the late Jules and Glenda Jacobs. The first place that was home was a rundown apartment in the Fisher Projects of Algiers, Louisiana. My father was determining not to have his children rise in such a place. He work hard as truck driver delving dairy products to local stores and school to save enough money to move his family to a better environment. My family saved up enough money to purchase a three bedroom home in Westwego Louisiana. A year and a half letter my sister was born. With the continues moving in and out of relatives I never really had my bed to sleep in. as a small child around the age of 7 or eight I can remember being molested by a close family member who by the way was not my father. This went on for a few years I was afraid to speak up for I didn’t know what my parent would do to that person. I couldn’t im age life without one of my parent. But that soon became a reality. On June 9th 2005 my father was found dead in the bed of his 18wheeler on Georgia. He had passed way of a diet betide coma. This was one of the worst days of my live. In august of the same year our lives were changed because of hurricane Katrina. It was my first week of high school and my family had to move away. For five month my mother my little sister and I had relocated to Donaldsonville Louisiana to stay with family. The living there was depressing. It was 15 people living in a three bedroom one and one-half bath house. I just couldn’t take it I became so depress I didn’t want to talked to anyone about my feelings. No matter who try to help I just pushed people away. This continued until finally in January of 2006 I convince my mother to move back to Westwego. We life I our mold infested home for about four month before we were giving a trailer to live in until the house was fix. But things didn’t get better they gotten worse. The mortgage company had raised the payment from about 400 dollars a month to almost 1000. Our total family income at the time was about 2500 a month that left us in debt. Our house need to be fix but insurance company only gave my mother 1600 dollar to repair when we at about 20thousan dollar worth of damage. My mother was my best friend she did everything she could do to make sure my sister and I had whatever we need. Doing so she neglected her own n eed she was under a lot of stress what to where to turn. And if all this wasn’t enough for her she had to go back and forward for Westwego to Donaldsonville to help care for my grandmother who was diagnosed with Alzheimer. On December 17 2007 I was awaken by a terrifying scream coming my mother room in the trailer. When I race in to see what was going o n my oldest brother was performing mouth to mouth and instructed me to call 911. Once I explain what was going on to the operator she said that help was on the way and hung up. What I saw when I look in to my mother eyes was he life slowly leaving the body. I knew then she was dead but I did want to believe it. The ambulance arrived about 10minutes after the second call made. When we made it to the hospital it was said she had suffer from an aneurism that left her brain dead and there was no hope for her. Our family struggle to pay for the funeral because she didn’t have life insurance. But through all the trail and tribulations with god and the help of family members a close friends I made it. I beat the odd and I made it. I was the of my parents children to graduate from high school. But why should it end there. Because I don’t have the money to continue I know I have what it take to make the grades in college but I don’t have what is need to go and that money. My father finished high school and my mother never finished college. I want to make. I want tell the children that I may have one day that they can make it. I don’t want to have to struggle anymore. I think I deserve a break or at least a help in hand in right direction. Can you u please help me get the money I need to get a higher education. Thank you for reading my essay. Research Papers on The hardship of my life.Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnLifes What IfsHip-Hop is ArtMind Travel

The offence of bad language - Emphasis

The offence of bad language The offence of bad language Finally, a House of Commons report that is a cause for celebration. This is Bad Language: the Use and Abuse of Official Language the result of an investigation into the many ways in which politicians and civil servants may baffle and intimidate readers with their use of jargon-heavy, euphemism-filled waffle. By making such official documents virtually unreadable, the report points out, the public is effectively denied access to political policies that affect them. The committee behind the report are planning to crack down on perpetrators by issuing penalties for instances where poor use of language has damaging results, like a person failing to receive benefits or services they are entitled to. And while their plan is to refer to the offence of bad political language by the rather jargon-y term maladministration, we really cant do anything but applaud these announcements.

Drugs and drug traffiking Annotated Bibliography

Drugs and drug traffiking - Annotated Bibliography Example According to Bean (2014), free trade is noted to continuously be getting recognition as a result of the increasing globalization, of note also is that drug trafficking is also gaining this recognition. The book by Collison has been penned to tackle a large number of issues surrounding the political, strategic and cultural effects that contemporary drug policing has managed to have. Collison presents a strong argument that the current approach to the enforcement of drug laws has for the most part failed to be effective. The role of cartels in drug trafficking cannot be overlooked. Collison (1995) will be used to provide an analysis of the Guadalajara cartel. Collison (1995) highlights the fact that although the Guadalajara cartel was disbanded in 1989 as a result of the arrest of Felix Guallardo who was its main leader, this cartel nevertheless remains as one of the most notable drug catels. In their book, Dorn & South (1990), present a number of different perspectives pertaining to the issue of trafficking and law enforcement. In writing the book, the authors were able to interview and obtain valuable first-hand information from traffickers, police informers, ex-traffickers and others. The work by Dorn & South (1990) will be used to demonstrate that the penalties that are normally attached to drug trafficking are often varied based on a number of wide ranging factors. Some of these factors include the nature of the drug, the amount and the circumstance in which one is found with the drug. In his article, Duke conducts a critical analysis of the failings and gains of the drug policy that is being enforced in the United Kingdom. He notes that although different countries tend to have different penalties for drug use and drug trafficking, most countries tend to have what is essentially a blanket on both the use and possession of narcotic drugs. This book will be used to demonstrate

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Conclusion 14 Reference 15 Bibliography 17 Introduction The project seeks to bring forth the human resource management strategies in the organization and its alignment with the short and long term business objectives of the firm. Changing business environments coupled with increase in competitive pressures have caused the company’s difficulty in sustaining in the market. Comprising of a total of 200 employees the company is faced with difficulty in managing its workforce efficiently. The main areas of human resource management strategies which have been falling short of meeting the company’s present and future business needs are explored in the project. This includes exploring its recruitment strategies, compensation strategies, training and development programs, performance management programs etc. This is followed by the explanation of how the key human resource management strategies need to be changed in the light of appropriate theories and practices. Based on the shortcomings of the strategies suitable changed have been recommended for the organization. Task 1 Current human resource management practices and linkage with the present and future needs of the business It is crucial that human resource management practices are linked with organizational goals and objectives both for the present as well as the future. The following section would analyze the HR practices followed in ABC Engine Components and identify their relevance in the context of meeting the present and future business demands in the organization. Firstly, the current recruitment strategies seem to be falling short of the future business needs and requirements in the organization. Because of the existence of a highly demanding and competitive environment, it was important that the skill requirements were changed and the current productivity level of the staffs were heightened. However, Gordon Watson, who was the Chief Executive, was found stating that the staffs would not be swapped for anyone else. This is found to be a shortcoming because with the changed in business requirements, skill requirements must also change which means that new staffs need to be employed while older on es must be either retrained or the workforce must be downsized. The retention strategies of the organization also seem inadequate as the employee turnover rate in the technical and management remain remains as high as 35-40%. The company seems to have little effective strategies for retaining employees where management and technical skills remain short in the market and are often poached by the competitors who offer them with better terms and conditions (Brown, 2011, p.102). The fact that ABC was unable to attract or retain employees to other competitors reveals its poor compensation program and structure. Despite that fact that there was little discontentment among employees there was high attrition rates in the organization which shows shortfall in the compensation structures which happens to be the key factor towards attracting and retaining employees. Also the compensation structures and policies must be such as to enhance performance and productivity. In this case there was no form of incentive in the organization which could improve employees’ productivity or employee involvement. The lack of variable pay can be regarded as a shortfall in the compensation structures to meet productivity goals in future (Graham & Roth, 2008, p.12). A proper performance management system is a prerequisite for ensuring high performance of employees. In the highly competitive environment in which the company operates, it is important that high performance of employees is maintained so as to ensure that quality standards are maintained and the company does not lose to competitors. The lack

Film and Literature Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film and Literature Comparison - Essay Example Brent Staples' "A Brother's Murder" first appeared in an edition of New York Time Magazine in 1986 in a column for personal essays called "About Me". Brent writes articles and editorials for the New York Times even at present and even now he deals with life in the streets. However, he is yet to find a solution to the questions he had raised and the other problems he had discussed in "A Brother's Murder".The various themes of the essay include diversity, multiculturalism, family, community, politics, but above all, it focuses on the individual-society interplay. The sense of place is a significant theme of the essay. We can locate more than one definition of place in this essay. We are informed in the fourth paragraph that Brent's brother, Blake, loved the very street which Brent shunned. Brent never found himself at home in the environment in which they grew up. It was Chester, Pa., a threatening, poverty-stricken, industrial slum southwest of Philadelphia. Therefore, he left his hometown after college to join the graduate school and became a journalist later on whereas Blake rejected a decent life and gave in to the violent life in the street. Blake was only 22 years old when he was murdered. Wearing a mask, the murderer fired six times at Blake and then fled in a car. The man who killed him was young too. He was only 24. Perhaps no one would believe that these two used to be the closest of friends. What is most shocking is the reason for the murder. In fact, it was one of the most unreasonable killings. The reason was as trivial as an argument over a girlfriend. One would like to know how a friend can so unnaturally kill another over such a trifling matter! This behavioral disorder is the gift of the society in which these two were brought up.

Akhism, Guild system in the ottoman empire

Akhism, Guild system in the ottoman empire GUILD SYSTEM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: FROM AKHISM TO GEDIK SYSTEM Akhism which is an organization founded by the Turkish people in Anatolia, is an important guild system for the Ottoman State when we take its regulatory role (of the social order) into consideration. In this paper, I will give detailed information about Akhism until its removal, including its origin, its importance, its guild organization, its norms and its roles in the society. Akhism; being an Arabic word which meant â€Å"brotherhood†, was the name given to the unions of artisans (esnaf) and craftsmen (zanaatà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±) between the 13th and 20th centuries. Akhi organizations were the associations which have been training their own craft members, which have been organizing and controlling the economic constitutions of the society (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:1) and as in all pre-capitalist societies, in Ottoman State, production was organized within the guild organization which had four levels as â€Å"errand boy† (à §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±rak), â€Å"apprentice† (yamak), â€Å"qualified workman† (usta), and â€Å"master† (Belge, 2005:312). Western orientalists say that the origins of the Akhism go back to the Islamic Futuwah tradition. The Arabic word Futuwah means youthful qualities. These youthful qualities are courage, generosity, hospitality and being skilled in all kinds of physical exercises (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay,1989:2-3). Although some Western social scientists think that Futuwah and Akhism have the same meaning and the same role, Ã…Å ¾anal Gà ¼Ãƒ §là ¼ (2007) think that they are different. They say that although Futuwah is more authoritarian and more religion based, Akhism is an organization which regulates the working conditions and every kind of needs of the artisans; and which is existing within the society, not being separated from it. Akhi organization which is based on the rules put by Islam scholars tries to provide ethical and well-behaved lifestyle to the artisans; and to ameliorate their craft level to a certain degree to protect standardization. Akhism is seen as the consequence of the service lacks of the state such as supplying security to the individuals, to their properties and to their honor; altering communication and education system, and providing equality of rights where there is not a strong juridical system. It is said that in Anatolia, Turkish people shaped and developed Futuwah organization and formed Akhism which is more different than Futuwah and which is proper to Turkish people. Although Futuwah tradition was more authoritarian about religion; and was commanding to the artisans to obey to the Islamic authority; Akhis had a big deal at the issues of economy and politics besides the morality. While Futuwah tradition gave more importance to the individual virtues and military characteristics; Akhism was an organization which helped Ottoman State to put military and administrative institutions in order and which constituted artisan and craftsmen corporations (CaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989: 1). The contribution of the guild system in the Ottoman States foundation period may not be despised (Belge, 2005:312). In Anatolia, the foundation of the Akhi organizations was the result of political and socio-economical necessities. At the 13th century, Turks who arrived in Anatolia from Turkestan for escaping from Mongolian invasion formed craft and commercial organizations among themselves to protect their solidarity and to survive amongst the native Byzantine craftsmen. They thought that they could exist only if they sell high quality and standard goods, in a sense by improving their own craft and commercial organizations. The organizations adopted the futuwwatnamas religious and moral rules as their laws and this led to the foundation of Akhism with the leadership of Akhi Evran and Abul-Hakaik Mahmud. Later, Akhi organizations were divided into 32 main branches of trade or art and fixed 740 Principles in their futuwwatnamas to form the moral and religious life. Every Akhi had to know 124 necessary Principles (Cagatay, 1989:48-51). According to Koprà ¼là ¼ (1984), the artisans who were members of these organizations had to obey to the strict moral rules. There were strong moral and solidarity ties among the members. Besides to protect their common interests, they were organized to provide moral control to each other in their all kind of worldly activities (economic, social). This statement shows us that Akhi organizations were important controlling mechanisms. Every branch of craft which was joined to an Akhi organization was recognizing a superior Protector and was accepting a chain of Protectors for the trade (for the tradesmen). The organization of Akhi was set up independently in each town and villages. But, they maintained their relationship with other towns and other villages. In each branch of Akhi organization which is a guild organization, Akhi Baba was the chairman of craftsmen of the guilds situated in the region (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989: 201). Fuat (1977) said that in 14th century, as Akhi organizations played a part in structuring military and administrative institutions of Ottoman state and in organizing social life within the society, to be a member of these organizations was accepted to be honored. There were also sultans who were Akhis such as Orhan Ghazi, Sultan I.Murat. Ottoman state was supporting Akhis and was providing them some privileges. In his book of â€Å"Ahilik nedir?†, ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990) mentioned that Akhism was a multi-dimensional social organization. Its social roles may be grouped as below; To establish a hierarchical order based on four stages such as â€Å"errand boy† (à §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±rak), â€Å"apprentice† (yamak), â€Å"qualified workman† (usta), and â€Å"master† in workplaces. Members have to be stayed a definite time in each stage to be educated. The ties between the members have to be sincere as the relationship of fathers and sons and the craft has to be based on strong moral and occupational basis Producers and consumers self-interests and relationships have to be organized in a way which will not cause any problem between them To establish an organization which provides meeting and guest houses in all cities and all villages. Fuat (1977) mentioned that Akhi Baba who was the chairman of the craftsmen (of the guild) of a region and who was democratically elected by the members was responsible of making the zawia built. His commands and his warnings had to be obeyed. They had the administration power where the Sultan was absent. Zawias were places where religious and moral books were read, where Akhis were enjoying with dance or music. This shows that Akhis were not only religious peoples. According to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990), Akhi organization which was religion (Islam) based was a solid occupational and moral system. Their solidarity and their helping each other within the Akhi organization caused their superiority over the non-Muslims artisans and craftsmen. This situation continued until the second half of the 15th century. Belge (2005) said that when the society began to put its own rules; guilds had been transformed to social strata and they had lost their autonomy and authority; and they became limited to the production function. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) mentioned that Fatih Sultan Mehmed eliminated their political and moral power in the cities because of their expanded authority in the empire. The original Akhi spirit has been lost among the Ottoman craft-guilds by the end of 16th century, and they became occupational organizations which impose discipline to artisans and craftsmen. They lost their autonomy and became bound to the local representatives of c entral government (qadis) and then, qadis had the authority to choose Akhi leaders (Akhi Babas). According to Sencer (1999), although they hold some economic privileges and a degree of control over their members and production, they lost their autonomy and their administrative power. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) said that some craft branches rejected heavy regulations of the state and state tolerated some of them because of their importance to the economy. Thus, some craft-guilds such as leather and shoe trade could continue their occupation and they preserved their rules and their Akhi Baba tradition. So, we may say that when the state guaranteed its power, took the authority back from the Akhi organization and this caused the end of the privileges of Akhism. Guild was a typical medieval organization system; it was a conservative organization with its own logic. As their production was demand based, they had not a market problem. They had not an aim to expand their market. Although it was acceptable to have some qualified workmen (usta) who were seen as better and who were preferred for some needs; guild organization and logic behind it was preventing competition between craftsmen, especially in economic issues. This equality was functioning as law thanks to the fear of being opposed to the ethical rules which were accepted to be represented by their pir (who had started their craft work and who is thought to be a prophet) to whom they had a strong commitment (Belge, 2005:313). Esnaf (artisan) was the plural of the word class. At these times, in every war and expedition, there was a group of artisan and prostitutes who were moving with the army for logistics and some services. Evliya Celebi who had the best writings about the Ottoman guilds said that in 17th century; there were also thief and pickpocket guilds. He explained that this situation was not astonishing by saying in pre-capitalist times; Ottoman State was ordering people to be a member of an organization, to be in solidarity with the other members in this organization; and to be under the surveillance of this organization for having the right of free circulation in the city (Belge, 2005:313). This shows us that Akhi guilds had a responsibility to shape social life in cities by taking control of their members. After the 17th century, as Ottoman Empire was expanding to the new lands and as the non-Muslim population was increasing, the number of non- sectarian occupational organizations augmented. In this situation, Ottoman state wanted to erase the distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims. By a reform in 1727, guilds became reorganized within a new system called gedik which was not so different than the Akhi occupational organization in terms of the working process. But, what was different was that in gedik, there was not religious differentiation. Gedik meant monopoly and privilege. State had taken the authority of electing the person who would be the chairman of the guild. Therefore, guilds had lost their initiatives outside the state. Thus, guild was choosing the candidates and the state was electing them (Belge, 2005:313). According to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1990), state began to fix the number of masters within all trades (meslek). Somebody outside the gedik could not perform the same craft of this gedik independently or could not sell the goods produced in these gediks according to the rules of the state. The state took the authority of giving mastery licences from the guild. State established gedik system for increasing central authority over the guilds. As the Muslim character of the guilds disappeared when the guilds became open to the non-Muslim artisans, the meeting place of the guild members of the Akhi organizations which was zawia was no more a meeting place for guild members. In these times, when non-Muslim could establish their own guilds, the new meeting place became lonca. Gedik type work organization which began in 17th century continued until 1860. As there was a monopoly rule at gediks, without a necessity, the number of workshops was not changed by the state. This meant that the number of workshops was stable at a number decided by the state. In gedik system, nobody could open a shop without getting his mastery licence from the state and also, they could not perform their skills. Monopoly rules aim was to prevent changes in numbers of craftsmen at the city, to obstruct the tenants to increase the rents, to impede the performance of craft outside the gediks and to protect the system of being educated in the gedik, starting as errand boy (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:111-118). So, state took the control completely. In the 19th century, after the declaration of Tanzimat Command in 3 November 1839, Ottoman State made trade treaties with foreign countries. Liberal economy of the foreign countries based on laisser-faire obliged Ottoman State to eliminate traditional monopoly over the craft and the trade seeing that monopoly rule was damaging the development of craft and trade and also, was causing states increased economic dependency to the Europe. Thus, the gedik system and all monopolies were abolished in 17 June 1861 with the command of Abdà ¼lmecit. The traditional craft-guilds continued until the Second Constitutional Monarchy period next to the newly established modern occupational associations. As the capitalist economy gained access in Ottoman State, traditional craft-guilds lost their all power and IttihatTerakki rule let this organization to create modern chambers as esnaf odalarÄ ± in 1910 (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:216-217). The Akhi organization is considered to be the basis of todays some institutions such as Esnaf Chamber (Esnaf OdasÄ ±), Trade Chamber (Ticaret OdasÄ ±), labor unions, BaÄÅ ¸-Kur, Turkish Standarts Institute (Tà ¼rk StandartlarÄ ± Enstità ¼sà ¼) and municipality (oztà ¼rk, n.d). Looking Akhis mode of dressing, according to ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989), they were not wearing silk clothes; they were not using gold ornaments. Because, in Islam, silk and gold were forbidden for men to use. Their turban (sarÄ ±k) was 5-6 metre. Their clothes were at the colors of blue, white, black and green. In zawias, guild members were learning Koran, Sufism, the languages Turkish, Persian, Arabic; they were dealing with history, literature; and also, they were learning how to cook, how to play game, how to play an instrument. Every Akhi organization had its own flag. In every craft-guild, there was mà ¼tevelliwho was taking care of every kind of problems about their craft. He was controlling private and occupational life of the members; he was organizing ceremonies of â€Å"errand boy†, â€Å"apprentice†, â€Å"qualified workman†, and â€Å"master†. ÇaÄÅ ¸atay (1989) said that every craft guild had 2 kinds of members such as internal (dahili) and external (harici). Externals were retired and disabled members. Internals were divided in to 4 groups: Errand boy: He has to be younger than 10 years old. His presence to work had to be provided by his father or his protector (veli) Apprentice: After working for 2 years without wage, errand boys were promoted to the apprentice position with a prepared ceremony. In these ceremonies, master was mentioning his solidarity and talents. The chairman of the ceremony was giving advices to the child about not lying, not leaving his ritual worship (namaz) and continuing his solidarity to the shop, being respectful to his parents; to his qualified workman and to his master. Chairman was deciding a weekly wage to be given by his master. Qualified workman: He has to be apprentice for 3 years. Ceremony was done in craft-guild. This day, he was wearing for the first time the clothes belonging to his craft branch. His master and other 3 masters were witnessing about his good morality. Chairman was giving necessary advices. Master: He had to be qualified workman for 3 years. There shouldnt be any complaints about him. He had to be peevish about educating errand boy. He had to have good relations with apprentices; he had to have a strong commitment to his craft. During his ceremony of being master, chairman was mentioning which prophet was the pirof their craft, and he was giving advices about doing the trade honestly, being respectful to other craftsmen and customers and being merciful to the public. At these times, education was not the responsibility of the state. Therefore, at these times, religious rules were the basis of the society. In Akhism, religion was the main point. Akhi organization was trying to make adopted a well-behaved (ahlà ¢klÄ ±) life to the craftsmen. Akhis were saying that if in this world, they would have a well-behaved lifestyle, in the other world (in ahiret), they would be rewarded by the God, by pointing Koran. In Akhi organizations, it was learned to gain money honestly without making any tricky act. It was learned that the money which they have been gaining had to be permissible (helà ¢l). Craftsmen had to give priority to his craft more than everything. Craftsmen believed that their pir who had first started their craft was a prophet. Thats why, on every shops wall, there was this couplet (ÇaÄÅ ¸atay, 1989:157): â€Å"Her seher besmeleyle aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±lÄ ±r dà ¼kkanÄ ±mÄ ±z Hazreti . dir pirimiz, à ¼stadÄ ±mÄ ±z† Important Akhi rules What they have to do Eli aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: He has to be generous KapÄ ±sÄ ± aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: His door has to be open SofrasÄ ± aà §Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±k olmalÄ ±: His dining table has to be open What they should not to do Gozà ¼ kapalÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to be plotter Dili baÄÅ ¸lÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to say any bad words Beli baÄÅ ¸lÄ ± olmalÄ ±: He has not to dishonor anybody According to Cumbur (1975) cited in Tà ¼rk Esnaf TeÃ…Å ¸kilatÄ ±nÄ ±n kuruluÃ…Å ¸u ve Denizli, Akhism had four principles such as: Kuvvetli ve galipken affetmek Hiddetliyken yumuÃ…Å ¸ak davranmak Dà ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸manlÄ ±Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ± dostlukla, kotà ¼là ¼Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸Ãƒ ¼ iyilikle karÃ…Å ¸Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ ±lamak Kendi ihtiyacÄ ± varken elindekini baÃ…Å ¸kasÄ ±na vermek In this project, my subject was Akhism as a guild system in the Ottoman Empire. I tried to answer my research question which is â€Å"the effects of the guild organizations norms to the craftsmens process of production†. Firstly, I defined the world Akhism and its origins. Than, I mentioned its role and its importance in the society, I talked about its foundation, its development, and its weakening reasons. I stated its control mechanisms and the reasons of the decline of their control in the society. I expressed the reasons behind the change of the system (gedik). I indicated its work organization (errand boy, apprentice, qualified workman and master), the norms within the organization and the effects of the norms to the guilds production process; and lastly, I also denoted why Akhi organization was removed. I think that I could answer to my research question. In this project, my argument was that the norms of the guild organization were mainly shaped by religion. I saw that my argument was true. Because, in Akhi organizations, religion was the main point and the norms were based on futuwwatnamas religious and moral rules (Islamic Futuwah traditions laws); and also, a well-behaved lifestyle was ordered to craftsmen to be rewarded in ahiret by the God. To sum up, in this project, with the aim of analyzing the effects of the guild organizations norms to the craftsmens process of production and with the aim of verifying my argument, I made a literature review on Akhism. I gave detailed information about Akhism starting from its foundation until its removal, including its importance, its organization, its norms and its roles in the society.