How Is The Brain Changing And Developing - 867 Words

i. How is the brain changing and developing? The adult brain is crowned by the cerebral cortex which is a wrinkled mass of tissue which is  ¼ centimeters thick. The cerebral cortex contains many systems one of which is the limbic system of the brain that drives a person’s appetite, moods and emotions. There is a well connected relationship between the â€Å"feeling† area of the brain and the â€Å"thinking† area of the brain. One area effects the other at all times. Amygdala is the first part to respond to emotions that triggers a series of split second reactions within the emotional cord. Waves of nerve impulses travel down the brain stem that sets of an instantaneous response throughout the body. Scientists have discovered that emotions like fear, happiness, grief and anger have a physical place in the brain. These emotions can be seen though brain scans or MRIs. The emotions have specific neural circuitry that has been developed thorough the lifespan of a human though experiences. The pre frontal corte x has already developed so adults tend to make rational decision unless affected by mental illness. ii. What influences the brain (positively and negatively)? A negative factor that affects the development of the adult brain is chronic stress. The depressed brain has a pre frontal that malfunctions and grows dull and silent. The pre frontal cortex is the one responsible for right interpretation of emotions and higher thinking. Stress can cause the pre frontal cortex to interpret theShow MoreRelatedALS Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesyour body except your brain and also impacts physical function. CTE attacks only your brain and not your body. Young athletes with a history of repeated head trauma have higher risks of getting these diseases. These diseases are more common in contact sports. Concussions and head traumas are two huge factors to ALS and CTE. Multiple hits to the head are what cause concussions and head trauma. Due to the risks of ALS and CTE’s, safety precautions should be increased without changing the rules of the gameRead MoreAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 Pagesadoles cence is broken up into biological, cognitive, and emotional stages. These aspects of adolescence are individually important because, it defines one’s personality and character as an individual and, it affects their future. Most people do not realize how big of an impact adolescence has; however, this essay will present data in support that adolescence is one of the most important stages of human development. The biological stage of adolescence is crucial because it physically forms the child intoRead MoreEssay on Weeding Out Amendment 64642 Words   |  3 PagesColorado voters do not realize how easy they have made it for children to obtain marijuana. When Amendment 64 was passed, an already troublesome condition escalated to a more dangerous level for our youth. School officials are â€Å"reporting an increase in marijuana-related incidents in middle and high schools† (Nancy Lofholm). Sadly, parents smoke openly, in front of their children. Now that they can legally obtain one ounce of marijuana, they do not see the need to keep the drugs out of sight. OnceRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress From Socioeconomic Status And Postsecondary Educational Attainment1083 Words   |  5 PagesChildren are the once affected the most in this in this category. They are faced with negative caregivers, malnutrition, toxic environment and stress causing their brain structure to change. Such endeavo r during early childhood can affect once emotional and cognitive functions. Early intervention can reverse such effect due to the child brain plasticity. This hardship can extend into their young adulthood affecting their ability to enter postsecondary education. SocioeconomicRead MoreEssay On Atjus1506 Words   |  7 Pageswill slowly eat away at all of the muscles in your body, will leave your mind intact, leaving you as a ghost in a shell. CTE affects the functionality of your brain itself unlike ALS. There are no found cures yet to these diseases, but researchers are finding more and more ways that said diseases may be prevented. A concussion is when your brain itself is shaken hard enough it will smash against the inner walls of your skull. New measures to ensure the safety and future health of athletes like new andRead MoreAthletes Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthat are coming from all the brain injuries involved that are leading to most of their deaths due to all their muscles weakening. A disease associated with athletes is Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis (ALS) which is also known as Lou Gehrigs disease, it is a disorder in the nervous system that causes the death of nerve cells and destroys Motor neurons. Another disease associated with many athletes is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) which is an irreversible brain disease caused by multiple hitsRead MoreChild s Mind And Brain Process New Information1566 Words   |  7 Pagesa child’s development on how they process the information, uses of the mental resources and skills, learning different languages and other characteristic that a child will develop comparing to an adult’s brain. For decades, different psychologist such as Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Lev Vygotsky have researched and created different kind of theories that helps the adults to understand how a child’s mind and brain process new information especially in their developing ages. Educational curriculumRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Minsdsight By Daniel J. Allport850 Words   |  4 Pagesbountiful abilities of the brain, such as neuroplasticity, â€Å"the term used to describe the capacity for creating new neural connections and growing new neurons in response to experience† (5). These new neural connections make way for change, by not only strengthening the areas that one may be weak in, but by also learning how to make better and more conscious choices when faced with turbulence. In Part II, Siegel explores the real-world accounts of this turbulence and how patients are able to utilizeRead MoreALS Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesHow CTE and ALS Can Attack Many people around the world may be familiar with the horrible diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which both are commonly caused from brain trauma. However, what people may not know is that these brain injuries are frequently reoccuring among athletes from collision sports. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease found from multiple head injuries. On the other hand, ALS can also be from a brain collision or hereditary. ALS causesRead MoreBiomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay553 Words   |  3 Pagesdefects. Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic; merging man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt to make electronic devices that interact with the body’s muscles and nervous system with the aim to enhance human movement. Dr. Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using computer models and camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Wor ks Inc, 2005) They are also researching how electronic devices can be interfaced

The Institution of Slavery and Its Effects of People and...

The Institution of Slavery and its Effects on People and Family Life The â€Å"Public Sale of Negroes, by Richard Clagett, depicts a typical auction in 1883. Although, it is important to note that â€Å"typical† in the 1800’s is very far from the typical of today. What is interesting or peculiar about this auction and many others in this time is that they were auctioning and selling people. The â€Å"Institution of Slavery† or chattel slavery, or even simply slavery, was the mistreatment of people as personal property and objects, where they were bought and sold and forced to perform work and labor. This â€Å"institution† was entirely legal, recognized at the writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and ended by legal abolishment December 1865,†¦show more content†¦This reality is reflected in Clagetts accounts, when he refers to a â€Å"yellow girl† and â€Å"bright mulattoes, of mild tractable dispositions†. Yellow is usually a clear distinction of a mixed race person as they are usually a lighter skin complexion. Mulatto, which is defined as a person born from one white parent and one black parent. In such a racially charged, community being mixed race often brought confusion. Mulatto’s, or mixed race people, were generally treated better in society although still viewed as black and inferior. Mulatto holds a negative connotation because they were usually the result of rape or sexual abuse. Sometimes a mulatto was able to assimilate completely into white society and pass as normal whites. It is also important to know that mixed children born to slave mothers were treated as slaves, and that mixed children born to white mothers were considered free. This became contextually confusing to define race, although all mulattos were mistreated and felt the effects of racism at one point or another. Age Age was a very important determining factor in auctions and enslavement. Buying a younger child meant that they were able to be trained and taught to suit your needs, they were not good for work right away but promised a good work ethic in the future. While buying an older adult, already trained made it harder to trust them, they also brought with them problems such as knowledge about other plantations,Show MoreRelatedThe Connection Between The Bondage Of Mind And Of The Body 921 Words   |  4 Pages‘bondage of mind’ and the ‘bondage of the body’ as found in the southern ideology justifying slavery; The notion of slavery seems foreign to the majority of people today, but for our ancestors and Frederick Douglass it was a very real part of life. The concept of slavery is one that people today find unfathomable, particularly in the justification of slavery and why people owned slaves. The institution of slavery is as old as civilization itself existing in various forms throughout the world, historyRead MoreIs Slavery An Evil Or Benign Institution?1020 Words   |  5 PagesMontgomery Ms. Matz Comp 120 December 6, 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is Slavery an Evil or Benign Institution? Slavery, there are an estimated 20-30 million people enslaved today (dosomething.org). There are different kinds of slavery including but not limited to sex slavery, chattel slavery, child slavery, forced labor, bonded labor, and debt labor. Though the types of slavery can vary, the people have agreed that the definition of slavery is solid and simple; slavery is the act of holding a person in servitude to a dominatingRead MoreSlavery1001 Words   |  5 Pages Slavery was like an addiction that the south could not break. Although it provided economic benefits to both the north and the south, the addiction or â€Å"curse† bound the people to the downfalls of slavery as well. Slavery created an oligarchy of which a small aristocracy of slave-owners would dominate political, economic, and social affairs of both blacks and whites. The institutions negative impact on the South, and even the entire nation would eventually lead to a great tragedy: the civil war.Read MoreFrederick Do uglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave1434 Words   |  6 Pagestremendous effect on the views whites had about slavery and its role in American society. Douglass became a self-educated man as he grew up within the entanglements of slavery, but as a child he did not realize the effect that knowledge would eventually have on his life. His mistress, Sophia Auld, began teaching him how to read until his master Hugh Auld warned her against its effects on the regression of Douglass’s quality as a slave. In his renowned autobiography, Narrative of the life of FredrickRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On American South And Its Entire Population Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesEssentially, slavery was an economic institution with far-reaching benefits to slaveholders, since the value of slave labor was considerably more than the cost of their maintenance. Demands for democratization, respect for human dignity and American Civil War presented a major tur ning point in the institution of slavery as farmers turned to lesser labor-intensive production methods such as the use of Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin. This paper analyzes different ways in which institution of Slavery affectedRead MoreSlavery Negative Effects Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesFor many decades, slavery has improved and build many colonies. Slavery has been the powerhouse of income, especially in low country colonies. Although other people sees slavery as brutal and savage, it is my belief that slavery’s effect is good in terms of economic and way of life of slavery. I as a slave holder give my slaves a family figure. I give punishments when faulty choices happen. This punishment are lessons; for slaves to learn their mistakes and correct this kind of action. This is aRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Antebellum Period1494 Words   |  6 Pagesviewpoints of pro and anti-slavery and the people behind them. The two sides bitterly argued for their cause. Advocates of slavery included religion, economics, morals, politics, and even the Constitution to further their arguments; likewise, abolitionists used similar counterarguments and these sweeping movements fueled by persuasion became increasingly fierce and forever transformed the nation. To start the evaluation of these movements, let’s evaluate the advocates of slavery and their reasoning. DefendersRead MoreEssay on Tobacco/Cotton Slavery FRQ1677 Words   |  7 PagesDeep South. What forces transformed the institution of slavery the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century? When approaching slavery from a historical standpoint, it is a tendency to generalize the experience of slaves. However, slavery differs per region and time period. The differing climates of the Chesapeake region and Deep South determined the crops that would be grown and consequently the severity of slave labor. Likewise, over time slavery evolved from a class based system (poorRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesthe detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison left no stone unturned when describing the impact slavery on had the life of slaves. She dove deeperRead MoreEssay on Fredrick Douglas730 Wor ds   |  3 Pagesdependent upon this person for food and shelter. This person controls your life in every way possible. You are told when to wake up, what to do, how to do it and when to stop doing it. If you do not cooperate you will be beaten severely and possibly killed. Imagine a society of people that live like this! How would human character be affected by this power? How would religion be influenced by this institution? How would family life be affected by these activities? I will attempt to answer these three

Beowulf Embodies the Values of Anglo Saxon Society Free Essays

The Anglo-Saxon people, who ruled England up until the Norman conquest, were composed of warlike Nordic and Germanic peoples. They descended from the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They valued courage, strength and desire for fame and glory and commitment to obtaining it (similar to the ideals regarding fame and honor espoused by Homers Achilles). We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf Embodies the Values of Anglo Saxon Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also valued generosity and the protection of others. The first value, courage, is constantly put to the test in the dark and dangerous world of Beowulf. This world was filled with monsters and obstacles to slay or overcome. Beowulf himself is said to be the strongest man on earth at that time, and the way he wrestled Grendel almost effortlessly, while so many others had failed, proved that he had a kind of superhuman physical strength. His desire for fame and his commitment to obtaining it was also very strong, he had an enormous amount of willpower and was determined to win himself a name. Even after he was famous throughout the known world for his deeds, he still was not yet satisfied. After he had fought in many battles and saved the Danes from Grendel and Grendel’s mother he was still not content. He battled the dragon, which was his greatest accomplishment, and proof of his courage and sheer heroism. Although it can be interpreted as a proof of courage, one could also look at it as foolishness, a man’s selfish desire to gain glory, even after he has been saturated with it. However, the Anglo-Saxon concept of selfishness was far less abstruse than our own. Their idea of generosity was helping friends and allies, especially in form of gifts for chivalric acts. He did slay the dragon and Grendel partially because he wanted to protect the Danes and his own people from these two atrocities, but he was also motivated by a desire for glory. Beowulf himself was apathetic to the notion of death, he stated it many times throughout the poem, a fine example is his speech prior to fighting Grendel. However, he is obsessed with his legacy and his name, which is more important than life itself to him and the other Anglo-Saxons. For example, the slave in Beowulf’s expedition to slay the dragon is not even in the headcount due to his lineage and rank. Fame is part of building the noble family name and rank. Social mobility was fairly high among the warrior class in Beowulfs times, much like it was in the Roman legions. A good name and the amount of gold determines a warrior’s rank, the world of Beowulf, for the warriors at least, is a meritocracy. How to cite Beowulf Embodies the Values of Anglo Saxon Society, Essay examples

Cultural Diversity in Australia and health issue of Aboriginal

Question: Discuss about the Reflection on the cultural diversity in Australia and health issue of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Answer: The sociological imagination (SI) template is a term described by a sociologist named Wright Mills as the awareness of the association or link between personal experience and wider events in society. The use of imaginative thought and reflection related to an event facilitates sociological imagination and understanding ones connection with the wider social realities (Giddens et al., 2016).Hence, this wider method of sociological analysis helps to focus not just on personal issues but also on the wider issues faced by certain group in society. Germov, (2014) states that linking ones personal problem and social functions with societal problem support collective action to address any change. By using the sociological imagination template, the historical, cultural, structural and critical factors related to a social problem can be effectively analysed. Applying this template in reflective task helps to link personal trouble to public issues. Sociological imagination template is used in various aspects of life. The main purpose is to use imaginative thought to answer any sociological questions such as reason for any social issues in particular group of societies. This reflective report uses the SI template to discuss the origin of cultural diversity in Australia and how the Australian health care meet the needs of diverse population group. Special focus and attention is on identifying the health issue present in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and its analysis by means of the four factors present in the SI template. Australia is now known as a culturally and linguistically diverse nation because of the presence of culturally diverse people in the country. The demography of Australia is made up of the British colonial population, the indigenous population and many immigrants coming from other countries. It cultural diversity is reflected from the following statistics that one in every four Australias population are from overseas and 20% of them speak other language than English. Secondly, the population of immigrant is also huge overseas migration represented 60% of the Australian population in 2013 (Face the facts: Cultural Diversity | Australian Human Rights Commission, 2017).Secondly, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people comprised 3% of the Australian population and disparities between the health status of indigenous and non-indigenous population is a major worry for Australian health care system. Hence, the cultural preference and beliefs varied for different cultural groups and t his presents severe challenge to the Australian health care system. While analyzing the origin of cultural diversity in Australia and analyzing the health issues of Australia through the SI template lens, my view about health issues changes. Earlier I was not aware that historical, cultural and social factor also plays a role in health issues. However, while doing the research work on health issues in this group and comparing their culture with mine, I realized that human diversity and cultural background contributes to many social issues. After doing this task, I realize the need to respect the dignity of each individual despite cultural background and my own responsibility to do to good to the society and the people around it. Reflective writing based on SI template Historical factors: My country of origin is Nepal, which is a developing country with multidimensional heritage consisting of ethnic, tribal and other social groups. The culture of the country is mainly influenced by Tibetan, Indian and Mongolian culture. Being a Buddhist myself, I have always paid focused on refraining from any violence and mental conduct. I come from a middle class family and for use mental health and spiritual well-being is more important that other pleasures in life. My own cultural beliefs and norm has been the reason for what I am today. My cultural beliefs shaped my judgment and decision making regarding all important choices in life such as health choices, employment choices and relationship choices. Although my country has different tribal groups, however I never got the opportunity to work with them closely and understand the issues facing them in daily life. Similar to my country, Australia is also a multicultural country with about 60% of immigrant population. Net increase in overseas migration significantly contributes to the growth in Australian population. The first inhabitant of Australia, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people came to Australia because of famine, floods, oppression and brutal political regimen in their own countries (Census: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, 2017). Many other past historical events led to the transformation of Australia into a culturally diverse nation. Before the European settlement, many migrant came to Australia as an explorer. However, after the enactment of the White Australian policy in 1901, restriction was imposed on migration of non-European Australians. This was aimed to promote British cultural identity and exclude people who did not fit the European culture of Australian society. However, post 1973, multicultural policies was implemented again by the Labor gove rnment and now it has holistically embraced people from all cultures and origins (Connell McManus, 2016).However, the presence of multicultural environment has given many threats to policy makers and public health department. The Australian government prepared themselves to address this challenge too. For example, the Assimilation policy was implemented to encourage new arrivals to embrace cultural practices of country (Moorcroft, 2016). The health care department focused on increasing the cultural competency of health care workers to address the disparities in health between the indigenous and non-indigenous population group (Clifford et al., 2015). Cultural factors: My own cultural beliefs and preferences has influences my views about society and health. In my home country, I have found that local people do not believe on the biomedical approach to health and their perception is that illness and pain is linked to the supernatural elements. Hence, they mostly prefer spiritual intervention to address their pain and suffering due to diseases. Different health beliefs and cultural norms also affect the disease management process and adherence to medication in patients. For instance, some people do not take medications and believe in worship and prayers for protection from disease and illness. Some prefer to seek cure through spiritual means (Wasti, S. P. (2011). However, for me biomedical approach to health is important because my professional education in the health care fields have strengthened my rational regarding the efficacy of biomedical cause of illness and treating diseases. However, my choices in life are influences by my cultural beliefs and norms too as I do not will to cross them. While working in Australia, I came to know about the multicultural diversity of the nation. Multiculturalism in Australia is high because of diversity in language, people and culture if residents. The Australian Government has readily embraced multiculturalism by implementing immigration policies, preventing discrimination and promoting equality for all. However, despite such efforts, the difference in cultural beliefs and values has had an impact on health outcome of different cultural group too. For example, great disparity in health outcome between indigenous and the non-indigenous Australians have been found. Life expectancy and mortality rate is an important indicator of health outcome and life expectancy in Aboriginals were found to be lower than 10.6 years compared to the non-indigenous population in 2010-2012 (Life expectancy (AIHW), 2017).. The inequality in health status between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians is also reflected from the high rate of infant mortality, poor health and poor education and employment in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Cancer and Circulatory disease was a major cause of death in the group between 2007 and 2011. The disadvantage was also seen due to risky behaviors lie smoking, poor nutrition, alcohol consumptions and physical inactivity. Remoteness and poor access to health was also found to increase the health disparity (Indigenous health (AIHW), 2017). Discrimination and negative experience in health care services also affected the use of health service among the indigenous people. Hence, I think that focusing on the social model of health care will be important for a multicultural nation like Australia because this will help to focus on cultural, environment, economic and social influence on health and reduce the gap in health outcome of different cultural groups too (Aver Patterson, 2017). Structural factors: I come from a middle class family and my cultural value of respect and doing no harm to people has helped me to achieve many things in life. I have always maintained a good relationship with my family and taken their views before taking any decisions in life. In health choices too, although I follow the biomedical approach to health, however I incorporate my Buddhist cultural element of maintaining mental peace to promote health and well-being. Hence, my personality and my interaction with society is dependent a lot on my cultural and religious beliefs. While working in Australia, I have found that biomedical model of health care is more dominant in their health care system. All health care process and service is relies on the biomedical model. However, as there are a large number of culturally diverse people in the country, I feel that focusing just on the biomedical model will not help to address the health issues of the indigenous population. Reports have shown that the cultural beliefs. experience of discrimination and negative experiences of colonization are the major reason for health disadvantage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Cultural gap has been the reason for poor access and use of health services. Language gap has also prevented establishing therapeutic relationship with these people (Mitrou et al., 2014). Hence, Australia has now started focusing delivering culturally sensitive care by improving the cultural competency of staff and addressing the social and health disadvantage factors in their life. Th e adaption of social model in health delivery facilitates taking many preventive measures to reduce negative health outcome in indigenous population. Critical factors: Cultural values have not made my life difficult. This is because I have balanced based on my knowledge and insight regarding the benefits of different social element and processes in society. This has helped me to manage my health concerns and profession decisions too. The Australian health care is also focusing a lot on social model of care to address health disparities in a multicultural environment. In response to the closing the gap policy, there has been a focus on improving cultural competency to improve the quality and effectiveness of care for indigenous people (Cultural competency in the delivery of health services for Indigenous people, 2017). Alignment with ACU graduate attributes By research on the topic of origins of cultural diversity in Australia and the health issues specific to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, I came to know about the great cultural gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australian. Before doing this reflective assignment, I was not aware about the hardship experienced by this group and how their past experience had an impact on health. However, while researching on the cause of negative health outcome in Aboriginal people in Australia, I was shocked to know that they were victim of brutal political regimen in their own country. Secondly, after migrating to Australia, hardship continued for them due to cultural shock, discrimination and poor experience in health care service. Lack of access to proper housing, employment and employment also played a role in negative health outcome (Chen, D., Yang, T. C. (2014).. After doing their reflecting writing, I have more respect for this people and in future, my outlook towards migrant people will not remain the change. I will always approach them with dignity and do my best to understand their cultural views and preferences while interacting with them in my professional life. References Avery, N., Patterson, S. (2017). Physical Health in Public Mental Health Care: A Qualitative Study Employing the COM?B Model of Behaviour to Describe Views and Practices of Australian Psychologists.Australian Psychologist. Census: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. (2017).Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/MediaRealesesByCatalogue/02D50FAA9987D6B7CA25814800087E03?OpenDocument Chen, D., Yang, T. C. (2014). The pathways from perceived discrimination to self-rated health: an investigation of the roles of distrust, social capital, and health behaviors.Social science medicine,104, 64-73. Clifford, A., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K. (2015). Interventions to improve cultural competency in health care for Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: a systematic review.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(2), 89-98. Connell, J., McManus, P. (2016).Rural revival?: place marketing, tree change and regional migration in Australia. Routledge. Cultural competency in the delivery of health services for Indigenous people. (2017). Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/uploadedFiles/ClosingTheGap/Content/Our_publications/2015/ctgc-ip13.pdf Face the facts: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples | Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017).Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/education/face-facts/face-facts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples Face the facts: Cultural Diversity | Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017).Humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/face-facts-cultural-diversity Germov, J. (2014). Imagining health problems as social issues. In Second opinion: An introduction to health sociology (5th ed.). (Chapter 1). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., Carr, D. S. (2016).Introduction to sociology. WW Norton. Indigenous health (AIHW). (2017).Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/australias-health/2014/indigenous-health/ Life expectancy (AIHW). (2017).Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2017, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/deaths/life-expectancy/ Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E., Zubrick, S. R. (2014). Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 19812006.BMC Public Health,14(1), 201. Moorcroft, H. (2016). Paradigms, paradoxes and a propitious niche: conservation and Indigenous social justice policy in Australia.Local Environment,21(5), 591-614. Wasti, S. P. (2011). In what way do Nepalese cultural factors affect adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Nepal?.Health Science Journal.