Christian Symbolism in the Old Man and the Sea

Christian Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea Christian symbolism, especially images that refer to the crucifixion of Christ, is present throughout The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway’s novel can be construed as an allusion to the Bible and the struggles of Jesus. Told simply and sparely, the contest between the old Cuban fisherman Santiago and a giant marlin is often seen as emblematic of human endurance and bravery against nearly overwhelming odds. A man can be destroyed but not defeated', Hemingway maintained. Santiago's story mirrors Christ's insofar as both men suffer greatly and it is, primarily, through the use of crucifixion imagery that Hemingway creates a symbolic parallel between Santiago and Christ, an analogy that elevates Santiago's trials. Hemingway seems to include small, yet noticeable details that allow the reader to relate the novel with the Gospel’s. â€Å"In the first forty days a boy had been with him.But after forty days without a fish the boyâ⠂¬â„¢s parents told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky† (Hemingway 5). To the religious layman, the latter may represent nothing special; however, for those looking for representations of the Bible, this is viewed as the first example in The Old Man and the Sea. Along with the reference of a fish, which the novel is largely centered on, as an ancient Christian symbol, the number forty holds special meaning in holy writings.Such examples of the number forty in reference to religion includes, the Great Flood of the Old Testament which lasted forty days, forty days is also â€Å"the length of time it took Christ to subdue Satan in the desert†, â€Å"fasting and repentance in preparation for Easter† lasts forty days for Christians (â€Å"Lent†). One can easily relate these examples to what occurs in the story. Santiago remains in the sea for forty days once with the boy and again without him, just as N oah did. Christians fast just as Jesus did for forty days which is meant to represent the forty days Santiago has gone without catching a fish since the boy left him.Other numbers that Hemingway uses that are significant in the New and Old Testament are three and seven. â€Å"The Old Man’s trial with the great fish lasts exactly three days; the fish is landed on the seventh attempt; [and] seven sharks are killed†. All throughout the book the old man wishes for salt, a staple seasoning in the human diet. He is a fisherman, similar to Christ's disciples. Hemingway says that Santiago is not a religious man, but he seems to have some faith as shown by his offers to say his â€Å"Hail Marys† and praises if he catches the marlin.He also promises to make a pilgrimage to the Virgin De Cobre if he catches the fish. Pictures of both the Virgin De Cobre and the Scared Heart of Jesus are the only adornments in Santiago’s shack. The pictures were the relics of the lat e wife of Santiago. During the old man’s battle with the marlin, his palms are cut by his fishing cable. Santiago comments on this. â€Å"You’re feeling it now, fish†¦. And so, God knows, am I. † When his hand cramps, he starts to worry about the possibility of sharks and his suffering is evident.Given Santiago’s suffering and willingness to sacrifice his life, the wounds are suggestive of Christ’s stigmata, and Hemingway goes on to portray the old man as a Christ-like martyr. This image of his bleeding hand, in conjunction with his suffering at sea, recalls the image of the hand of Jesus Christ bloodied by the nails used to crucify him. As soon as the sharks arrive, Santiago makes a noise one would make â€Å"feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood. † And the old man’s struggle up the hill to his village with his mast across his shoulders is evocative of Christ’s march toward Calvary.Santiago’s mast , and the cross carried by Jesus are strangely similar in appearance and seem to be synonymous for most critics of the novel: â€Å"[Santiago] started to climb again and at the top he fell and lay for some time with the mast across his shoulders†(90). Santiago would fall four more times before reaching his home; an eerie similarity to the struggle Jesus went through while carrying his cross to Golgotha, the place of the skull. Even after his three days of brutal fishing the old man dutifully carries his mast on his back, Christ-like, before reaching his shack and falling into a deep sleep.One of the final correlations, of Christ’s crucifixion with Santiago is the position Santiago takes in his bed once returning from his quest on the sea: â€Å"[Santiago] slept face down on the newspapers with his arms out straight and the palms of his hands up† (91). One can see a similarity between Santiago’s body position in bed and that of Jesus’ on the cross. When the boy walked into Santiago’s shack the next day, â€Å"he saw the old man’s hands and started to cry† (91). This situation corresponds to how the women and Apostles wept when they saw the holes in Jesus’ hands after he had risen from the tomb.Crucifixion imagery is the most noticeable way in which Hemingway creates the symbolic parallel between Santiago and Christ. Hemingway employs these images in order to link Santiago to Christ, who exemplified transcendence by turning loss into gain, defeat into triumph, and even death into life. In order to suggest the profundity of the old man’s sacrifice and the glory that derives from it, Hemingway purposefully likens Santiago to Christ, who, according to Christian theology, gave his life for the greater glory of humankind.

Hinduism & Buddhism

Hinduism * A combination of a member of religious traditions in India * A polytheistic religion (More than one god) * God is Brahman – Creator and creation, made manifest in 3 persons: 1. Brahma – Creator 2. Vishnu – Preserver 3. Shiva – Destroyer * According to Hinduism, our true self is Brahman * The human soul is Atman * Basic Hindu phrase is â€Å"Atman is Brahman† or â€Å"Tat Tatum asi†, meaning â€Å"That Thou Art! † * Goal of Hindu life: 1. Become perfected to the extent that the soul merges with the soul of god 2. No need to be born again in another human body Hindus believe that the human soul journeys through one life and then dies and is born again into a new body through â€Å"reincarnation† or â€Å"transmigration† * Samsara: Cycle of Rebirth * Dharma: Ethical duties of a person * Karma: Law of receiving what one deserves * Hindus believe that the soul is reborn into a higher stage of existence if the person has lived a good life * Moksha: The liberation from the Hindus endless cycles of rebirth * The path to Moksha which most followed is devotion * Hindus believe in the Caste System.Social Groups in to which Hindus are born * 4 Main Castes: 1. Sedras – Laborers 2. Valeyas – Producers 3. Kshatrlyas – Administrators 4. Brahmias – Seers * 4 Stages of Hindu Life: 1. Student – (Brahmancarin) 2. Householder -(Grihartha) 3. Retirement – Working out the philosophy of life (Vanapratha) 4. Wonderer – Free from all attachments of life (Sannyasin) * Sannyasin: The Stage of Life where one renounces family, name and any memories of the past * 4 Wants of Hinduism: 1. Pleasure 2. Success 3. Duty 4. Liberation Classic Period of Hinduism: Era when Hinduism becomes distinguished as a religion * In regards to other religions, Hinduism is tolerant * Both Buddhism and Jainism grew out of Hinduism and were founded as reactions to Hinduism * Jainism and Buddhi sm advocate non-violence * Sikhism was founded by Guru Nank and has its roots in Hinduism. It's a symbol of Hinduism and Islam * One of the most popular aspects of Hinduism is â€Å"Yoga† * Yoga = Discipline – helps a Hindu rise above his self limitation * Bhagavad-Gita is an example of Hindu sacred literatureBuddhism * Siddhartha Gautama * Raised a Hindu in â€Å"warrior† caste * Became Buddha (Enlightened One) * Attained enlightenment when he realized the importance of understanding suffering as articulated in the â€Å"4 Noble Truths† * His Philosophy: * Doctrine of â€Å"middle way† * Middle Way: Living Half way between luxury and poverty (different than rich & poor) * Buddhism spread into the Far East – Broke into Sects. * Main Types of Buddhism: 1. Theravada – School of Elders * Stressing Individual Salvation * Holding Traditional Thoughts South East Asian, Buma, Cevalon and Malano 2. Mahayana – Great Vehicle – * S tressing Social Salvation * Having a number of sects and diverse thoughts (Zen Buddhism) 3. Vajrayana – Diamond Vehicle * Through growing out of Hinduism, Buddhism has lost influence as a religion in India * 4 Noble truths: 1. In Life, Suffering Abounds 2. Suffering is Caused by Desire – The Ego 3. Cure lies in overcoming selfish craving 4. Cure can be accomplished by following the â€Å"Eightfold Path† * Eightfold Path: . Right Understanding – Awareness of what is suffering (4 Noble Truths) 2. Right Thought – Purifying the Mind3. Right Speech – Speak Truthfully 4. Right Conduct – Don't Lie, Kill, Commit Adultery, Consume intoxications 5. Right Livelihood – Actions used to earn a living, not to harm others 6. Right Effort -Be diligent and cultivating good thoughts 7. Right Mindfulness -Knowing oneself 8. Right Concentration -Help see things as they really are * Since Buddhism outgrew Hinduism Kept Assumption that humans are reb orn into new bodies * God of life is the absorption of the self into the infinite * Nirvana (Meditation): Such absorption in Buddhism * Unlike Hindus, Buddhism ignores the caste systems and Hindu Rituals * Meditation is vital to all branches of Buddhism * Tripitaka: Sacred literature in Buddhism (Three Baskets) * Written from oral traditions about 150 years after Buddha lived * Like Hindus, most Buddhist festivals are local or religious events * Funeral rituals are important to Buddhists Strong interest in after life * 3 Jewels – Considered to be the core of Buddhism 1. Sangha – Community of Buddhists, monks, nuns and lay people 2. Buddha – Name for those enlightened according to Buddhist faith Buddha with â€Å"B† refers to Siddhartha Gautama3. Dharma – Buddha's Teachings * Symbols of Buddhism 1. Wheel of Law – 8 Spokes represent Eightfold Path 2. Bodhi Tree – Place of Enlightenment 3. Stupas/Pagooas – A dome/shaped monument u sed to house Buddhist relics (Pagodas are Larger stupas)

Madame Loisel from “The Necklace” Essay

Madame Loisel is unhappy because she is ashamed of her social standing. Madam Loisel has always dreamed of a luxurious life with servants and such, and is unhappy because she is not wealthy. She becomes even more upset when she is invited to a ball. It upsets her because she thinks she has nothing to wear which is appropriate for the occasion. Then she is upset because she doesn’t have appropraite jewelry. However the base of both of those complaints is that she is unhappy in her social standing. She was a pretty and charming girl, who thought that she should have been born into a life of luxury. But instead, she was born with parents who were â€Å"employees.† Because of this, she was dissatisfied with everything about her life. She did not like the way her house looked, she did not like the food they had. She was not even satisfied with her maid because she wasn’t high class enough either. She thinks that if all her stuff were high class, she’d be happy. It is perfectly natural for people to want what they can’t have, whether it is an expensive item of some kind of forbidden fruit. Such is the case with Madame Loisel in Guy de Maupassant’s shortMme. Loisel was envious of her friend and anyone else who had more than what she had. She felt that she deserved these things. My first example of Mathilde Loisel’s selfishness is â€Å"She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them.† (p.133). These sentences show how materialistic Mathilde is and how selfish she is for caring only about gaining these things for herself. She didn’t show any care for her husband who despite their humble living, seemed to be a caring and loving husband who kept a positive attitude about things. She held her love for materialistic objects so high that it consumed her and occupied her mind. My second example of Mathilde’s selfishness is â€Å"Nothing. Only I haven’t a dress and so I can’t go to this party.

The impact of Dizzy Gillespie on the development of modern jazz Essay

The impact of Dizzy Gillespie on the development of modern jazz - Essay Example In addition, the paper aims to bring a close understanding of need of revolution and development in the jazz genre of music. In-depth highlights will be provided in the paper regarding the collaborations that helped Dizzy Gillespie in bringing developing or positive impact on jazz music. It should be noted that Dizzy Gillespie was able to work in collaboration with Charlie Parker who was a saxophonist. The collaboration of both the musicians was able to introduce be-bop revolution. As a matter of fact, the revolution was not just limited to sleek and high speed musical addition as the style of jazz music but also intensified tune (Crow). This duo was widely famous around the world because they rather made it easier for the musicians to follow jazz music. In other words, Dizzy Gillespie along with Parker redefined jazz music. To them, it was extremely needed that musicians were playing an easier music so that the audiences can also follow the beats. In addition, the reach of jazz music, back in 1960s, was limited to certain regions (Shipton). Therefore, it was the need of the time to spread the music to different parts of the world so that people could follow differing tunes and tempos that were being provided by jazz music. Notwithstanding, there were many critical appraisals that were received by the jazz music (Crow). One of the vibrant changes that he successfully brought in jazz music was the inclusion of Afro-Cuban music (Davenport). Most of the music analysts claimed that the inclusion of the combination music allowed jazz music to develop as it needed resolution. Also, analysis and music critics claimed that Dizzy Gillespie was able to undertake such a huge change within the jazz music because he had a very entertaining approach towards music-making. A lot of people claimed that he had very fun techniques to produce music that ultimately made him work with many musicians (Crow). As a matter of fact, there was a huge fight between Mr.

Disciplinary actions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disciplinary actions - Essay Example In order to do this, there are a number of legislation that an organization should strive to adhere to as guidelines to ways of eliminating any discrimination or the sense of it within a company (Befort & Budd, 2009). By following these legislations, a company is able to show it good will towards all members of the society in an effort to display its non-bias nature towards people from different backgrounds. Some of these legislations include: The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) This is a legislation that has been proposed in congress and will specifically deal with the discrimination in the hiring process based on the sexuality or gender of an individual by non religious civilian employers who have at least 15 workers at their disposal (Eleveld, 2007). The legislation protects these employers from denying an individual fair opportunity due to their sexual orientation (that is whether they are gay or lesbian) or because of their gender (that is because they are a man or a wo man). The legislation hopes to protect all groups of people from discrimination in the work place by doing this and attempts to bring equality among individuals working in organizations. If this legislation is passed, gays and lesbians will no longer lose out to jobs due to their sexual orientation, but companies should not wait for its passing to get rid of such discrimination in the work place as doing so is the right thing to do. ... This will motivate the workers to strive harder if they are aware that will not be subject to any discrimination in the end. A disadvantage with this legislation is that it only protects employees who are working in an organization with 15 or more people meaning those employed by small businesses are not protected by it and thus can still be subject to discrimination in the work place. This is not fair to those in small firms as they deserve the same protection that their colleagues in the larger organizations are receiving. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act This legislation prevents employers from using the genetic information they are able to acquire from an individual to base their decisions on hiring or firing them. This legislation was developed to ensure that individuals who may be suffering from genetic disorders/diseases are able to get a fair shot at employment as the rest of their compatriots and that their health complications would not come in the way of them getting a job (Tilcsik, 2011). The legislature was passed in 2008 and aims and restoring parity between all employees in the field after realizing that there was a chance that healthy individuals with no genetic problems were being given preference over their colleagues with genetic defects (Tilcsik, 2011). These defects did not necessarily affect the performance of the individual who was afflicted by it and thus such discrimination proved to be unfair to these types of employees. However, the legislature also has its advantages and disadvantages as well. In terms of advantages, it ensured that all individuals were given a fair chance and climbing up the professional ladder in their career no matter the complications that they may have been

Western civilization class assignment (about 20th centrury)

Western civilization class (about 20th centrury) - Assignment Example iii) During the war, it happened that African Americans, women, and the Mexican Americans were able to find new opportunities in the industry. However, the Japanese who were living on the Pacific coast relocated to internment camps. According to Robert (143), the difference in the Allie’s visions of postwar Europe had a basis on the divergent intentions of each country that was involved. The Soviet Union intended to make Europe communistic. In this way, it would be easier for her to rule Europe. However, this was not possible as it portrayed a lust for power on the Soviet Union’s side. The United Kingdom also wanted the USA and Europe to cooperate with its ideas and policies but, again, this was not possible. Moreover, France wanted Europe to be free from the USA as was portrayed in her bid to establish the European Union. The result of these differences was the emergence of the Cold War, for instance, between the USA and the Soviet Union in their bid to have control over Europe. The Cold War saw countries like China and Japan getting closer to the Western countries to avoid the war-pact Soviet Union and its allies (Robert, 167). The independence of the European colonies came from the Cold War between America and the Soviet Union. There was a creation of new countries during this period with some full of natural resources while others desperately poor. This change led to the loss of interest in these nations by their European colonizers. The Cold War complicated the US support for decolonization though it continued with the war to prevent Soviet Union’s domination in Europe. All the US’ European allies believed that after their recovery from WW II, their colonies would provide markets and raw materials for the growth of Europe’s economy. However, the American government’s intention clearly showed that it was on the opinion of letting the colonies slip away. This factor

PERSUASIVE SPEECH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PERSUASIVE SPEECH - Essay Example As such, a system that places this wage amount becomes necessary to make the American dream achievable for all. This paper outlines the essence of minimum wage in the society. The minimum wage system is essential for both companies and their employees since it regulates the rate of income earned. In this case, it ensures that there is a particular limit in relation to the amount of money that employees can be paid. In addition, it sets the amount and the period within which the wage can be increased as it is relevant for the private and public sectors (Verderber, Verderber, & Sellnow 374). Most people may ask: What is the essence of work? It does not make sense when an individual works so hard, but gains nothing substantial in return. People search for jobs for the basic reason that they want to cater for their needs, fend for themselves and their families. Whenever an individual does not attain the fundamental of employment, they lose the entire meaning of employment. At times, most people tend to be submerged in debts, making their lives more unbearable. With the current minimum wage at $5.15 per hour, it is way below the amount necessary to purchase gas and access basic health care services. Thus, a proper evidence is offered by the revelation that a high fraction of the population is living in poverty. The amount of wage to be paid should not be influenced by the status of an individual. In this case, whether an individual is dependent on others or independent, they should not alter the amount of wage to be remitted. The misconception is related to the fact that most people associate workers who earn a minimum wage with those students who are looking for extra cash during the summer. As such, they consider the individuals to be under the age of 25. Therefore, the economy and what it is likely to become in the future is affected. What are the visions held for the economy? Is there a need for prosperity or

The Research Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Research Proposal - Dissertation Example The presence of such significant number of industries in the region also invariably affect the environment of the region specifically and UK generally. London is also considered as the third command city in the world after New York and Tokyo because of the fact that it is the leading financial hub of the world. The overall population of London is however, mostly employed by the Services sector with less than a million population working in the manufacturing sector. Region’s only substantial manufacturing facility is Ford Dagenham which is also the largest diesel engine manufacturing facility in the world. Though the overall concentration of industry is low in the region however, it can still pose a threat to the environment. This proposed research study therefore aims to assess and explore the impact of industry in greater London on the environment of UK generally and Southern England specifically. Aims and Objectives of the Research The major aim of this research study is to understand and explore as to how the industry of great London impact on the environment of UK and especially the Southern England. ... How industries in great London have an impact on environment? 2. Are there any particular types of industries which are affecting the environment most? 3. Whether regulatory requirements for environment are being met by the industry? A general assessment of the regulatory requirements and the implementation will be undertaken to understand as to whether regulations have any influence on reducing the impact. 4. Does industry is taking efforts to lessen such impact? 5. If yes, what measures have been taken so far in order to contain the damage? These broader aims and objectives will therefore set the overall tone and direction of the research. These research objectives will also allow the researcher to set the overall research questions and hypothesis for this research. Research questions and Hypothesis Following research questions and hypothesis will be constructed for the purpose of this research: 1. Industry has significant impact on the environment. Industry does not have any impac t on the environment? 2. Businesses have put in place appropriate security and risk measures to reduce the impact on environment. There are no significant efforts taken by the industry to reduce the impact on environment. 3. Regulations have been successful in compelling businesses to reduce the harmful impact on environment. Regulations have failed to compel businesses to reduce the harmful impact on environment. Literature Review Greater London region has important significance in the economy of UK and contributed towards the economy to a great extent. It is also however, important to note that the economy of London went through a structural change where the focus was shifted from the manufacturing to services sector. Greater London therefore is still dominated by the firms

Business Process Transformation in Catmart Co Case Study - 24

Business Process Transformation in Catmart Co - Case Study Example The changes can affect stakeholders such as product development specialists, inventory control specialist and the buyers mostly (Tà ¸nnessen, 2014). Catmart intends to merge with TLP for enhancing the process of new product development. TLP is a United States (US) based e-commerce company, which is involved in selling used products. Catmart expects that the marketing tie-up will leverage the strength of both companies and generate mutual benefits in the long run. The merger can help in the business process transformation effectively. After the merger, the company will be equally involved in purchasing and selling products. The merger can entail effective cost savings and help Catmart to grow (Tà ¸nnessen, 2014). It can enhance business opportunities for the company. A compact business model can thoroughly help in the proper understanding pertaining to the effectiveness of the BPR. The business process reengineering model that can be suitable for Catmart in order to sustain in the online marketing business is laid down below. Catmart should ensure that the adaptation of a new form of service is conveyed to all individuals who would be affected by the change. All stakeholders must be reported about variations in the process of business through proper meetings (Tà ¸nnessen, 2014). Extensive meetings with the distributors are essential. They are the lifeblood of a business and neither Catmart nor TLP can operate successfully without them. Besides the existing distributor, the tie-up will introduce a new one. So, informing the distributors of both the companies about the tie-up is important (Tà ¸nnessen, 2014). The workflow between the distributors should be divided equally. Catman should secure that the profitability of the distributors does not diminish and in turn, de-motivate them to remain associated with the company.  

Information Technology and the Canadian Economy Essay

Information Technology and the Canadian Economy - Essay Example Entrepreneurship has not been fully covered with the current academic programs, as the discipline is usually taught as an integrated unit and not as an independent program like a degree. An entrepreneur is an initiator, while entrepreneurship accommodates any private or public organization, or individual, with the potential to respond to ever changing demands, utilizes new technologies and produces additional value from the assets at disposal, also entailing the need to motivate the continual phenomena of natural entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs seek to utilize their ideas by introducing new means of meeting demands, or changing existing means of commodity delivery in order to add value. Primarily, an entrepreneur carries out varying activities including adopting innovative means of addressing socially related problems; seeking to challenge traditional manner of working; incorporating ideas, people, and resources so as to integrate change; spotting business opportunities and optimizing on resources which are under utilised and taking uncertainties and risks; as well as responding to an issue with clarity over the outcome right in mind. In economic development, the role of entrepreneurship entails more than just accumulating per capita income and output; it entails initiation and constitution of change in the business structure, the economy as well as society. The referred change is followed by growth of premise and increased income, which permits more wealth to be shared amongst various participants. Additionally, entrepreneurship has been acknowledged as a major tool to help bridge the gap between science and the business market although entrepreneurs faced challenges of lack of managerial skills necessary for running their businesses. Although entrepreneurs face a lot of difficulties, entrepreneurship holds the most effective means of commercializing innovations, forming new enterprises, as well as

Jehovah Witness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jehovah Witness - Essay Example Founded in the year 1874, the teachings and beliefs on the church Adventist theological teachings were adopted into the Watchtowers teachings (Garraty and Carnes, 92), and has two magazine publications the WATCHTOWER and the AWAKE! (King, 443). The bible used by the Jehovah witness is known as the- new world translation, this bible version is different from other bibles in two different verses, John 1:1; 8:58 and Hebrews 1:8, though there are other different passages that have been adopted to support Jehovah Witnesses doctrines. Jehovah witness is a Christian sect with distinctive religious practices and rituals that appear to be dissimilar to other Christian churches and organizations; therefore, this paper therefore explores the practices of this Christian sect in comparison to the Baptist church in south Florida. This is a very controversial and aggressive religious group in south Florida, which bans pursuit of higher education amongst their members, and instead encourages evangel istic activities. In addition, the group only allows marriages amongst fellow members of the group and practices door to door campaign of their teachings and amongst the members, and it is only the younger members of the group who do a lot of this work. Jehovah witness is also known as the Watchtower Society has the following theological beliefs, practices and rituals such as they ban their members from celebrating any holidays and birthdays. Their members are banned from taking part in flag salutes, engaging in civil duties, participating in politics or engaging in war like activities. Furthermore, members are not allowed to transfuse blood, allowed to make minimal contact with people, who are non members of Jehovah Witness, even if it is their family and friends and also avoid contact with former members of the sect. Members of the Society are also not allowed to pursue higher education or limited pursuit of higher education; they outlaw critical thinking and arguments. Literature materials which are written by members are banned if such pieces of materials are deemed as being critical of the society or if the materials paint the society in a bad light. Non members of the Jehovah Witness religious group are banned from attending churches sermons and prayers, in addition, the members are not allowed to undertake religious broadcasting, instead they have to perform house to house proselytizing (Gruss 296). Comparison between Jehovah witness and the Baptist church in south Florida Jehovah witness in south Florida inserted the name Jehovah to replace the word God, and that Jehovah alone is the Father. Conversely, in other mainstream churches such the Baptist they draw their beliefs form the Roman Catholic of the Holy Trinity- the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Secondly, the Watchtower believes that Jesus is the created Archangel whereas the Baptist believes that Jesus is not a creation, He is the most high- the Almost God. In the scriptures of the Baptist bible, this is proclaimed in Revelation 1:7-8, 17, 18, 2:8, 22:12-13, 20 Isaiah 9:6; 44:24, 48:12 John 1:3 Hebrews7:3 and John 1:3. Jehovah Witness believes that it is Jehovah who raised Jesus from death in a form that is angelic and without the human body. Baptist’s on the other hand believe that on the third day after his death, he resurrected from the dead in a physical human form, shown in the books of Luke 24:39 Acts 17:31, John 2:18-22 and Philippians 2:5-11. Jehovah Witness believe that the Holy Spirit is a servant of God and the Holy Spiri

Related Studies Essay Example for Free

Related Studies Essay According to Vargas S, she conducted a study entitled â€Å" Effectiveness of Lemon and Orange Peel as Insect Repellent†. Lemon and Orange peel are good for our body and skin. Lemon peel contains Vitamin C and Citric acid which are good for our skin while an orange peel also contains Vitamin C. It’s said that mosquitoes and gnats are either repulsed by either scent. The essential oils that can be extracted from lemon and orange peel are the one that makes mosquitoes fly away. Effective insect repellents can protect you from serious mosquito diseases- West Nile Virus, St. Louis Encephalitis, etc. and tick-borne diseases- Lyme diseases, Rocky Mountaion Spotted Fever, etc.

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty

American Ideals Of Freedom And Liberty In 1776, our country was founded on American ideals of freedom, liberty, and equality however, during this time in history; these principals were often bias to upper class white men. When the Declaration of Independence was first written, many Americans understood the notion of all men are created equal to truly mean that all white males were created equal. This was true with other civil rights guarantees also. The framers of our countrys Constitution were also considered to be the elite of their time. They were all white, wealthy, well educated land owners and did not adequately represent the diversity in our nation. Civil rights are defined as; a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted government action and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression. Freedoms of speech, of the press, of religion, and of fair and equal treatment are the basic civil rights granted to each of us. The Bill of Rights that was added to our Constitution outlines the basic freedoms and liberties guaranteed to every citizen of the United States of America. The Bill of Rights, in black and white is the first ten amendments to the constitution; however sadly, women and African Americans were not granted the civil rights entitled to them. Civil rights issues began at our countries founding, and continues throughout history and today. Wars in general happen as a result of people or nations defending a terrority, protecting their interests and/or trying to achieve a moral purpose. The Civil War combined all of this rational, and ended up being the single bloodiest conflict in American history. The Civil War claimed the lives of over 600,000 Americans, all on American soil; which is more than in all other American wars combined with the exception of Vietnam. The Civil War began in 1838 as a result of disputes between the northern and southern states over slavery and taxation of cotton exports. The south wanted to keep slavery and felt it was necessary, so they started the war by seceding from the union. The North refused to let the Southern states break up the Union, thus the dispute led to the Civil War. The end result of the Civil War did free the slaves, however, the blacks did not gain any ground of status or respect among the states in either the north or south. White men continued to treat the African American population as property rather than people. Following the Civil War, slavery may have been abolished however not much changed for blacks. Blacks fought hard for freedoms; men still could not own property, vote, or go anywhere in public the white men were allowed. They suffered through hate, beatings, and small rations of food. They were treated no differently when they were supposed to be free. If a black man or woman did get the opportunity to work for pay at a white mans factory, he nor she would never get the same pay as a white man. They were working for the same company and doing the same job however, it wasnt considered to be right for a black man or woman to be earning the same amount as a white man or woman. Women were making small strides toward equality in the early 1800s; Oberlin College in 1833 was the first to accept women students and make their university a coed facility, the first National Female Anti-Slavery Society convention was held in 1837 with 81 female delegates, and in 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association (LFLRA) and demand a 10 hour work day. The push for womens right to vote began in the mid 1800s when the proposed 15th amendment came to fruition. Some suffragists refused to endorse the amendment because women were not included; however, argued that once the black man was enfranchised, women too would achieve their goal, and gain voting rights. The National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed in 1890; the group organized marches and protests, and pressed the federal government for institutional changes, such as allowing married women to have property rights. The 15th amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote. This was a big step in the direction of equality. This amendment states that the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Voting rights for African Americans was huge in the civil rights movement; however it proved not to be an easy task or necessarily wise choice for most blacks to do so. Discriminatory legal barriers were enacted to prevent them from actually having a say, once again forcing the African Americans to fight for what was suppose to be a freedom. Literary tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause and white primaries were put in place as ways to discourage the black voters from excerising their civic duty. Literary tests were exams given to indivudials to determine if they were intelligent enough to vote. The vast majority of African Americans were not educated; therefore it was very difficult to prove they were literate enough to vote. The exams were administered by whites and bias toward whites. A test administer may ask a white person to spell a simple word such as God or boy, where a black person would be asked to spell a word like chrysanthemum or interpretation. When an African American got the word wrong, they were deemed illiterate and lost their privilege to vote. For those who did pass the literary tests, the government put in place poll taxes. Essentially this was a law forcing voters to pay a steep tax/fee in order to vote. If you were not able to pay the tax, your right to vote was revoked. Taxes were also cumulative; if you could not afford the tax at a particular election, the next time you tried to vote, you were required to pay that elections tax as well as all previou s unpaid taxes. African Americans were poor and most lost their voting privilege because of this. The Grandfather Clause was a law that waived electoral literacy requirements and poll taxes for those whose ancestors voted before the Civil War. This provided a loop hole for illiterate whites that could not pass the literary tests to be able to vote. It also prevented the blacks from voting as the majority of their ancestors were slaves and had no rights. The Democratic Party was the dominant party in the United States during this time and in most all elections their candidates were in office. To avoid allowing black voters to vote in the primarys, the democrats promoted their political party as a private organization. By doing this, they could control who voted in the primary and they could exclude anyone they wished. In most cases, who ever won the primary, and made it to the general election ticket would be voted into office; therefore the African American votes really didnt matter since the primary was determined by the whites. The Reconstruction period following the Civil War saw the beginnings of the Ku Klux Klan. This group was a white activist group and the first charter was founded in 1865. Their original purpose was to deny African Americans the same rights and opportunities as white people in the south. Klan members used violence, threats, and even murder of those blacks who attempted to become educated, to vote, to befriend whites or sought out better paying jobs. It was during this time the Klan began to wear white robes in an attempt of further intimidating blacks and to conceal their identity. In 1870 and 1871 the federal government was forced to step in and passed a series of acts, known as Enforcement Acts. They were put in place to protect the voting rights of blacks and to try and suppress the Ku Klux Klan. The Acts; outlawed actions intended to prevent blacks from voting, established rules to eliminate fraudulent registration practices, prevented intimidation of blacks by any illegal action, and gave the president the right to have the military step in when public safety was threatened. Civil rights have been a struggle America has faced since the founding of our country, and has been a violent and deadly battle for equality of our laws. All people are created equal, and all people bleed red. I believe that every citizen in America should have the same rights and privileges regardless of ethnic background or religion. A prerequisite of being a white, land owning well off male contradicts the very principals our nations was founded on. Reconstruction in the south was Americas first attempt at an interracial democracy. It completely reshaped life as was once known. Blacks were freed from slavery and for the first time looked upon as a person, not property. The United States government finally assumed responsibility for defining and protecting civil rights. Freedmen in the south were given an opportunity to vote; although it did not come with out risk and challenges. Black men were also granted the right to hold political office. The African American community was huge in the south, and with the help of white allies was able to temporally bring the Republican Party to power. Cumming, GA is considered to be a rural country town with little racial diversity or tolerance. Cumming benefited from the traffic of the gold rush in Dahlonega; however when gold was discovered in CA, and the tourists left, Cummings economy suffered. Even during the Civil War, Cumming was bypassed by Shermans Army and was basically a sleepy little town. There is a case from1912 when a white woman was raped by 3 black men in town. This outraged the citizens so much that Georgias governor was forced to send troops into the city to prevent a riot. The Ku Klux Klans Knight Riders campaigned for well over a month in an effort to force all African Americans out of not only Cumming, but all of Forsyth County. They were fairly successful and for many years the black population in the county was basically non existent. More recently in 1987, a small group of blacks marched through town in Cumming to celebrate Martin Luther Kings birthday. This infuriated the Klan and in protest, they threw g lass bottles and rocks at the group. This attack drew national attention and turned into the largest civil rights demonstrations since the 1960s. The results of this demonstration were positive as it was a turning point and marked favorable change. Today, the city is becoming more and more diverse and is growing rapidly.

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of Investment Economics Essay

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of Investment Economics Essay Investment is a strategic variable in the determination of the level and growth of income. It has been defined in various ways by various economists. Generally, it refers to any act of spending with a prospective yield. To the economist, it refers precisely to the process of capital formation whereby there is net addition to the existing assets including inventories and goods in the pipeline of production. It is the actual production of capital equipment, tools and other produced means of production. Investment might be capital formation: Financial Capital and Physical or real capital. There are gross, net and autonomous investments where: Gross Investment= Net Investment + Autonomous Investment Autonomous Investment also known as Government Investment refers to investment which remains the same whatever the level of income. It refers mainly to the investment made on houses, roads, public buildings and other parts of Infrastructure made by the government. Moreover Gross investment is the amount that a company has invested on an asset or business without taking factoring in depreciation into consideration. In other words it is the total amount of money spent for the creation of new capital assets like Plant and Machinery, Factory Building etc. It is the total expenditure made on new capital assets in a period. Furthermore in economics, Net Investment refers to an activity of spending which will cause an increase in the availability of fixed capital goods or means of production. It is the total spending on new fixed investment minus replacement investment, which simply replaces depreciated capital goods. In fact it is Gross investment less Capital Consumption during a period of time. Private Investment depends on various categories of variables. So various theories of investment have been presented and they are provided overleaf:- Fisher Theory of Investment This theory was developed in 1930. Fishers theory was originally developed as a theory of capital, but as he assumes that all capital is circulating, then it is just as proper to conceive of it as a theory of investment. It was provided by Fisher that during the production process, all capital is used up, such that a stock of capital K did not exist. In fact all capital is just investment. There was a condition imposed by Fisher stating that Investment in any given period of time will yield outputs in the nest period. This is illustrated through the equation below: Y2=F [N,I1] Y2 = Output in period 2 I1 = Investment done in period 1 N = labor Assuming a world with only two periods of time, t=1, 2. Investment done in period 1 yields output in period 2. Moreover Fisher assumes that labor is constant Keynesian Theory The Keynesian theory was developed after that John Maynard Keynes (1936) followed suit of the Fisher theory. Keynes stated that there is an independent investment function in the economy. An important aspect of the Keynesian theory is that although savings and investment must be identical, ex-post savings and investment decisions are made by different decision makers and there is reason why ex-ante savings should equal ex-ante investment. According to Trygve Haavelmo (1960) The Keynesian approach places far less emphasis on the adjustment nature of investment. Instead, they tend to have a more behavioral take on the investment decision. Namely, the Keynesian approach argues that investment is simply what capitalists do. Every period, workers consume and capitalists invest as a matter of course. They believe that the main decision is the investment decision; the capital stock just follows from the investment patterns rather than being an important thing that needs to be optimally deci ded Accelerator Principle Theory Over the past two decades, the acceleration principle has played a vital role in the theory of Investment. In fact, this theory was developed before the Keynesian theory; however it became apparent after Keynes investment theory in the twentieth century. The accelerator is generally associated with the name of J.M Clark though it seems to have been first developed by the French economist Albert Aftalion. The basis of the accelerator principle is based on the fact that changes in factors affecting national income would affect investment. In other words, big percentages changes are witnessed due to small in consumer spending. This type of investment is known as induced investment since; it is induced by changes in consumption and income. Furthermore, the accelerator is just the numerical value of the relationship between the increases in investment caused by an increase in income. Normally, it will be positive when national income increases. On the other hand, it might fall to zero if the national output or income remains costant. Neo-Classical Theory In 1971, the neoclassical approach which is a version of the flexible accelerator model was formulated by Jorgenson and others. Flexible Accelerator Model is a more general form of the accelerator model. It is assumed that firms will choose only a fraction, a, of the gap between desired and current actual level of capital stock each period. The larger the gap between the desired capital stock and the actual capital stock, the greater a firms rate of investment. This is illustrated below: I = a [K* -K-1] I = planned net investment during period t K* = desired level of capital stock K-1 = current actual level of capital stock at beginning of period t (end of period t-1) a = adjustment factor, 0 The desired capital stock is proportional to output and the investors cost of capital which in turn depends on the price of capital goods, the real rate of interest, the rate of depreciation and the tax structure. It is important to note that most recent empirical works are based on Jorgenson investment function. In fact Jorgenson provides that a decrease in interest rate would cause an increase in investment by reducing the cost of capital. In 1967, Hall and Jorgenson provide the Hall Jorgenson Model of Investment. The model illustrates that the level of capital stock that is chosen by an optimizing firm depend on various economic features like the production function, depreciation rates, taxes, interest rates. In fact Hall and Jorgenson had used the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation to analyze the relationship between tax policy and investment expenditures. They concluded that tax policy is very effective in changing the level and timing on Investment expenditures. Q theory of Investment The Q theory of Investment, introduced by Tobin (1969) is a popularly accepted theory of real investment. In fact it is a basic tool used for financial market analysis.It is a positive function of Qwhich can be defined as the ratio of the market value of the existing capital to the replacement cost of capital. Q can be defined as follows: Q=Stock Value of Firm/Replacement cost of Investment Q is a barometer for investors as it tends to assess a firms prospect. When Q is greater than one, the firm would make additional investment because the profits generated would be greater than the cost of firms assets. If Q is less than one, the firm would be better off selling its assets instead of trying to put them to use as the firms value is less than what it cost to reproduce their capital. The ideal state is where Q is approximately equal to one denoting that the firm is in equilibrium. The Q theory of investment can also depend on adjustment cost. Literature on this issue was done by Eisner and Strotz (1963), Lucas (1967), Gould (19678) and Tredway (1969). Later Mussa (1977), Abel (1979, 1982) and Yoshikawa (1980) showed that Investment is an increasing function of the shadow price of installed capital. This is such only when there are convex adjustment costs. Marginal Q Model of Investment Moreover Abel (1981) and Hayaski (1982) introduced the marginal q model associated with smooth convex costs of adjustments. They assume that capital market are perfect, such that investment is undertake until the marginal value of an additional unit of investment has decreased to the exact value of the riskless interest rate. Abel (1981) describes marginal q as The optimal rate of Investment is an increasing function of the slope of the value function with respect to the capital stock (marginal q). Abe; states that an increase in any factors that affect price can cause an increase, a decrease or even do not affect investment rate. The effect will depend on the covariance sign of the price with a weighted average of all prices. Hayaski (1982) provides that under linear homogeneity, marginal q is equal to average q. However when marginal q is not equal to average q, it is marginal q which is relevant for investment. In fact marginal q is just a stochastic version of the Q theory of Inv estment. Neo-Classical theory and Q theory of Investment (Panageas 2005) According to Stravos Panageas (2005), the neoclassical theory provides that Investment and the stock market are linked through the Tobin q. This is because the net present value of the company is the value of the company, so when the stock market is rising, there should be an increase in Investment to equate the Q ratio. This involves speculation. Panageas (2005) states that If firms maximizes share prices, then Investment reacts to speculate overpricing. However he also provides that when investment is controlled by shareholders, who do not have perfect access to the market, the link between investment and speculation will not hold. There might be costs to access the market like capital gains taxes, price pressure etc. The model used by Panageas also aid to distinguish between rational and behavioural theories of asset pricing anomalies. Models associated with non-convex costs There are also models with Non-convex costs of adjustments. King and Thomas (2006) states Non-convex adjustment costs imply distributed lags in aggregate series similar to those generated by convex costs, because they stagger the lumpy adjustments undertaken by individual firms in response to shocks. These non- convex costs is linked with the investment theory. A number of influential partial equilibrium studies (Caballero and Engel, 1999; Cooper, Haltiwanger and Power, 1999; Caballero, Engel and Haltiwanger, 1995) have showed that these investments models cause great changes in investment demand following large aggregate shocks. Theories of Interest Rate There is a vast spectrum of interest rate at a given period of time in a country. The interest rate will depend on several variables such as nature of loans, duration of loans, credit worthiness of borrower, hire purchase agreements. When those variables are held constant, the rate of interest or pure interest rate is obtained. The most common theories used to explain interest rate determinations are the Loanable Funds Theory (Neo Classical) and the Liquidity Preference Theory (Keynesian Theory). Furthermore the ISLM model is held for a fully integrated approach. Loanable Funds Theory/ Neo Classical Theory We will first consider the Loanable funds theory which is also known as the neo classical theory of interest. It was developed by the Swedish economist Knot Wickshell (1851-1926). The rate of interest is obtained through the demand and supply of loans in the credit market. The demand for loan is mainly to invest, to consume and to hoard. Traditionally the demand curve will slope downward because a fall in interest rate will attract borrowings. The supply of loans comes from 4 important sources. These are saving, bank money, dishoarding and disinvestment. The supply curve will be upward sloping since a higher rate of interest will induce these sources to supply more loans. So according to the Loanable funds theory, the rate of interest will be determined where these two curves intersect. This is shown below: Rate of interest SL R1 Q1 DL Figure 1.1 Loanable Funds According to figure 1.1, the equilibrium rate will be R1 and Q1 will be the amount of loan that are demanded and supplied. Interest rate either above or below the equilibrium rate will be restored to the equilibrium rate through upward and downward pressure. Changes in the demand and supply of loan will alter interest rate. For example, technological changes might increase the demand for loanable funds. So according to this theory, the rate of interest is the price that equate the demand for and the supply of loanable funds. Liquidity Preference Theory/Keynesian Theory The Liquidity Preference Theory was developed by Keynes. Keynes described interest rate as a purely monetary phenomenon which is determined by the demand and supply of money. Keynes identified 3 reasons why people would prefer liquidity rather that assets. These are: Transactions demand for money The transaction demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet day to day transactions. The amount of cash which the individual will keep in his possession will depend on his size of his personal income and the length of time between his pay days. Precautionary demand for money The precautionary demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet unforeseen events such as illness, being unemployed. The amount of money that the individual will hold for precautionary motives will depend on the individuals condition, economic and political conditions which he lives. The size of his income, nature of the person and foresightedness will also affects the precautionary motives of a person. Speculative demand for money Speculative demand is the demand to hold money as oppose to the holding of bonds. There is an inverse relationship between bonds and the rate of interest. When the price of bond tends to rise, rate of interest will fall due to the inverse relationship, so people will be buying bonds to sell them later when the price actually rises. However when bond prices are expected to fall leading to a rise in the rate of interest, people will sell bonds to avoid losses. According to Keynes, when the interest rate is high, speculative demand for money will be low and vice versa. The supply of money is the amount of money in circulation at a specified time period. It is the central bank which will be determining the supply of money. It is fixed at any given period of time. According to the Liquidity Preference theory, the rate of interest is determined where these two curves intersect as illustrated below: R1 Liquidity Preference (LP) Quantity of money Q1 Q2 S2 Rate of Interest S1 R2 Figure 1.2 As illustrated by figure 1.2, the money supply is represented by S1Q1 along the LP function. The rate of interest will be R1 where the supply of money intersects the LP function. If there is an increase in the money supply to S2Q2, there will be an excess in the supply of money causing people to adjust their demand portfolio by purchasing bonds. The price of bonds will rise leading to a fall in interest rate to R2. Investment/Saving-Liquidity Preference/Money supply (IS-LM) Model The previous two theories does not take into consideration in changes in national income to affect the rate of interest. The IS-LM model is used to arrive at a determinate solution. In fact it is part of the Keynesian theory. In the IS-LM model, interest rate is the only determinant of investment. The IS-LM model assumes that a higher interest rate will result in lower investment and vice versa. In this model interest rate will change due to changes in factors like business activity, credit creation by a bank, confidence, the level of national debt, inflows of funds and even international forces. Keynes provided the investment schedule where interest rate is the only primary determinant of investment. The schedule shows the amount of investment that firms would carry out at each rate of interest.

An Inaccurate Review of The Fall of the House of Usher Essay -- Fall H

An Inaccurate Review of The Fall of the House of Usher David A. Carpenter, in the form of an essay, addresses Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by interpreting themes, meanings, style, and technique within the story. His essay review contains many quotes and direct references to both Poe and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher;† however, Carpenter’s analysis proves itself to be inaccurate. Carpenter repeatedly writes statements of which he claims are true, but then argues contrary points. His use of â€Å"evidence† is an extension of his self-negating arguments. Based on the inescapable presence of contradictions and â€Å"evidence† that does not support his opinion, Carpenter’s essay is an inaccurate review of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† In his essay, Carpenter writes contradictory statements and expounds upon them in the form of illogical examples and rationale. Within the first sentence of the â€Å"Themes and Meanings† section, Carpenter claims â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is not a didactic story, but then follows to say that Poe communicates a â€Å"definite moral message† (Carpenter 1986). Clearly, the author of the article does not understand what qualifies a literary work to be didactic—one that contains issues of morality. He also states that the morality portrayed in Poe’s short story is an â€Å"operative universal morality that is ultimately as inescapable as the hereditary forces which determine a person’s life† (Carpenter 1986). Carpenter’s attempt to clarify his idea of the morality fails when he relates it to hereditary forces, which, in this modern age, have little impact on determining one’s life, and are certainly not i nescapable. His logic is presumed an... ... logical events, such as Madeline escaping the coffin she was nailed inside of, despite Carpenter’s previous statements that the story, because of the effect created by the writer, was successful and would not, in general, leave a reader questioning legitimacy. Overall, Carpenter’s article leaves much to be desired. At first glance, sentences are confusing and ideas are hazy. As an author, Carpenter is not convincing of his essay’s general arguments because his statements are assumptions and are not backed up by clear evidence. Contradictions in both his arguments and elaboration reveal Carpenter’s essay addressing â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† to be illegitimate and inaccurate. Works Cited Carpenter, David A. Essay review. MagillOnLiterature Database [series online] 1986 9240000421. Accessed 2002 November 4. 2350 Marlow 12.37 - 1 -

Lust and the Degeneration of Man Exposed in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 129 Es

Lust and the Degeneration of Man Exposed in Shakespeare’s 129th Sonnet   Love in its purest form is the most unsurpassable of all emotions, requiring intense commitment, while simultaneously providing incomparable bliss. However, often the intense desire for these feelings produces a new emotion, lust, with a craving that gives priority to obtaining an objectified person, as opposed to a very real human. Lust can be further practically defined as the inability to place selfless love on a higher pedestal than selfish desire. Shakespeare explores these conflicting definitions of lust in his 129th sonnet, condemning his animalistic variations of lust that coexist with his desire for a genuine state of love. As opposed to following the traditional convention of idealizing a woman and her attributes, Shakespeare breaks the concordance and focuses on the dehumanizing effect of the woman’s attributes on his character. The general trend in this sonnet is the speaker’s analysis of the mental methods through which he has admired a woman. He attempts to craftily define lust so as to rationalize his actions to be correct. However, he gradually gains the knowledge that the lust he has felt is sacrilegious, and must cease. Sonnet 129 opens as the speaker is in great distress due to the shallow quality that has permeated his love. He feels as though he has been exhausted of his physical, mental, and moral strength in his pursuit for mutual love. An "expense of spirit in a waste of shame" is the mark of an ill-fated desire that has missed its point of satisfaction, lost in a deep cavern of an inescapable nature. When humans fall into such depths of despair, it is quite natural to fall back into the animalistic undertones that creep ste... ...9). Works Cited Fineman, Joel. Shakespeare's Perjured Eye : The Invention of Poetic Subjectivity in the Sonnets. Berkeley, U of California P, 1988. Leisham, Stephen. The Riddle of Shakespeare's Sonnets. New York: Basic Books, 1982. Landry, Scott. ed. A Companion to Shakespeare. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. Martin, Philip. Shakespeare's Sonnets: Self, Love and Art. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1972. Shakespeare, William. Shakespeare's Sonnets. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Vendler, Helen. The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard UP, 1999. Winny, James. The Master-Mistress; A Study of Shakespeare's Sonnets. London: Chatto and Windus, 1968. Works Consulted Fiedler, Leslie A. "Some Contexts of Shakespeare's Sonnets." The Riddle of Shakespeare's Sonnets. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.

Occupational Therapy Philosophy

* ————————————————- Occupational Therapy: Integrating Art and Science * ————————————————- * ————————————————- What is occupational therapy? How does one define the profession and validate its worth in the medical field? Since its conception as an established health care profession, occupational therapy’s philosophy has been defined, redefined, and refined.In their writings esteemed Occupational Therapists Mary Reilly and Susan Peloquin offer their own critical and revisionary ideas of occupational therapy’s worth, the basic need it fulfills, and its service to the healthcare profession. Both women ask their peers to refine what is uniquely inherent about occupational therapy and by doing so validate the profession’s contribution in serving the needs of man (Reilly, 1963; Peloquin,2002). * ————————————————-In her 1962 Eleanor Clarke Slagle address entitled, â€Å"Occupational Therapy Can Be One Of The Great Ideas of 20th Century Medicine† Mary Reilly (1962) challenges her fellow colleagues to critically define Occupational Therapy’s value within the medical field. She initiates this critique by first asking the provocative question, â€Å"Is Occupational Therapy a sufficiently vital and unique service for medicine to support and society to reward† (Reilly,1962, p. 3)?Reilly suggests it is precisely these critical questions and line of discourse that we as practitioners need to be embracing to maintain our unique and vital contribution to the healthcare realm. * ——â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Drawing inspiration from Occupational therapy’s earliest visions Suzanne M. Peloquin also seeks to engage her audience by asking to consider and reflect upon a different but equally important component that makes occupational therapy unique and vital to the health of man.Quoting Ora Ruggles,an early contributor to the field of occupational therapy, Peloquin writes, â€Å"It is not enough to give a patient something to do with his hands. You must reach for the heart as well as the hands. It’s the heart that really does the healing† (Peloquin,2002). Through the use of visual imagery and storytelling Peloquin calls our attention to the profession’s earliest founders and their visionary beliefs. Peloquin eloquently reminds us of the healing power of the heart and the vital aspect of caring that is inherent and necessary in our profession. —â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Furthermore, Peloquin maintains that when we undertake an integrative approach employing both â€Å"competency and caring† in healing we solidify our value as a profession (Peloquin 2012). She demonstrates this when she writes, â€Å"Three constructs deeply rooted in our profession’s culture and integral to its central character are well-presented in the early vision: integration, occupation, and caring†(Peloquin,1962,p. 525).In contrast, Reilly engages her audience by putting forth a mandate that charges the practitioners of occupational therapy to validate the profession by inviting and seeking critical appraisal. â€Å" When a professional organization as a whole accepts criticism as the dominating mode of thought, then indeed, theorizing flourishes and the intellectual atmosphere of their gatherings, is characterized by sweeping controversie s. In this atmosphere of controversy, progress becomes somewhat assured† (Reilly, 1962, p. 3). * ————————————————-In addition to engaging in critical debate Reilly believes that in order to establish credibility and worth, Occupational Therapy must strive to identify and define â€Å"the vital need of man which we serve and the manner in which we serve it†(Reilly p. 3). In this academic and investigative tone, Reilly delivers her lecture in a clear and orderly fashion. Her writing is concise and articulate as she methodically introduces an hypothesis in which postulates â€Å"That man, through the use of his hands, as they are energized by mind and will, can influence the state of his own health† (Reilly,1962,p. ). She formulates this theory and tests it by drawing upon a multi-discipline approach to research (Reilly, 1962). She charges her colleagues w ith the mandate to define man’s basic need for occupation in a scientific researchable manner and atmosphere. It is not enough to draw upon multiple disciplines such as the social sciences, biology, and neurophysiology, Reilly suggests we must also observe the anthropological , social, and biological study of occupation through â€Å"phylogenetic and ontogenetic† lenses Reilly,1962,p. 10) . Through this study of occupation and the therapeutic meaning of work Reilly defines a unique aspect of occupational therapy: â€Å"the profound understanding of the nature of work† (Reilly,1962,p. 9). Her thesis in this thought provoking address, her take home message, is so powerful that Peloquin describes Reilly’s hypothesis of human occupation as â€Å"one of the profession's best visionary statements†(Peloquin,1962,p. 518). * ————————————————-In co ntrast to Mary Reilly’s urging to attain a scientific understanding of man’s basic need for occupation, Peloquin’s reminiscent recalling of early visions of occupational therapy’s goals and unique attributes highlights the profession philosophy of meaningful and purposeful work in a client-centered modality of care. Incorporating the art of caring in our treatment paired with the extensive wealth of knowledge gleaned across multiple disciplines enables us as practitioners to guide the patient toward the occupation of living or as Peloquin puts it â€Å"allow us to see individuals occupying their lives† and â€Å"living well† (Peloquin,2002,p. 24). * ————————————————- Reilly also strongly embraces an integrated approach and outlines the importance of maintaining a individual or client-centered approach when assigning treatment. Her abhorrence of formulaic activity groups prescribed as therapy used in psychiatric settings in the 1960’s is detailed best when she writes, â€Å"activity programs so designed, tend to depersonalize,institutionalize and, in general, debase human nature† (Reilly,1962,p. 12). * ————————————————-In their vastly different writings, different in style, in delivery and different in focus, these women have a common concern, passion, and desire for the preservation of occupational therapy. Mary Reilly aims to mark the profession as vital by focusing our attention to the distinctive quality that occupational therapy holds: the unique speciality of defining the value ofâ€Å"work† to man. (Reilly, 1962). It is this concept and the critical engagement from which great ideas such as this stems, are necessary in ensuring a professional organization’s existenc e in these dynamic and emanding times. Suzanne Peloquin also believes that occupational therapy’s attributes are unique and standout from others in the healthcare field. The uniqueness that Peloquin refers to and asks her readers to preserve and incorporate in our practice is the founding member’s early vision of caring and empathy. She writes, â€Å"To see hearts engaged is to see personal actualization, an occupational link with identity, a making of meaning.The depiction transcends more limited visions of activity or productivity and allow us to see individuals occupying their lives†(Peloquin,1962,p524). * ————————————————- In an attempt to integrate Peloquin’s vision and Reilly’s hypothesis I refer to Peloquin’s remark, â€Å"Occupational therapy is not about balancing at some midpoint between two dimensions of practice, with either heart or hands getting about half of a practitioner's attention; it is about reaching for both† (Peloquin,1962,p. 522).Reilly collaborates this sentiment writing, â€Å"And more than all this, it implies that man, through the use of his hands, can creatively deploy his thinking, feelings and purpose to make himself at home in the world and to make the world his home† (Reilly,1962,p. 2). It is precisely this distinctive blending of visionary statements and scientific exploration that lends occupational its unique * ————————————————- vitality and credibility. Leaders in the field such as Peloquin, and Reilly inspire, shape and preserve the richness and dignity of the important dynamic nature of our field.

Contrast Media Procedures For Radiography Health And Social Care Essay

In the skiagraphy unit, railway line media ( centimetre ) is one of the meanss who helped to better the truth of roentgenogram image of whatsoever x-beam testing outgrowths. In supplementation. CM is a center field that is radio-opaque. This cause the air media was innocence on roentgenogram images. ancestry primary clay is to unclutter the bit of media images appropriate to the reflection or the silver in the h work uponium basdan. demarcation media major intent of reexamining both pathology of the variety m use ups involved. occupation media puke be divided into ii contours compulsive and nix line media. In general, a positive direct crinkle media to heighten the soaking up of X dick and displayed as white and grey ( r atomic number 18 ) . Less detrimental while roentgen ray soaking up and produces images that ar dark and sometimes grey.The physical exercise of air media atomic number 18 a fewer ways. Among them ar, to present subscriber line media into the organic social organization by injection by blind drunks of the venas, arterias and lympatic. ceasetrast media stinkpot in any veritable(a)t come in machinate the oral cavity and from the rectum. Examples of unt older(prenominal) compounds iodised wrinkle positive and negative compargon as gas ( air ) or C dioxide.Among the helps affecting contrast media is IVU interrogatory, focal ratio gastrointestinal dust ( tail end ) , commence GI establishment, g any bladder and liverish foundationals and separates.ivua .Intravenous urography ( I.V.U )IntroductionUrografi endovenous or better known as IVU mean radiographic examen of the urinary system by utilizing contrast media to pulse the function of the system.The intent of this revue was to detect and footmark the anatomical constructions that land aim up the urinary system seprti kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra, and Fungis much(prenominal) systems.In add-on, it as well as actualizeks to time the rate of voiding and soaking up of the urinary system itself. The size, form and piazza of hu puke interweave around the kidney provide be determinen on this examination. Not hardly that, further no pathology or unhealthiness, and breaks in the system aw argond radiographs interpreted.IVU endovenous urography which means radiographic scrutiny of the urinary system with a water-soluble contrast media to measure the procedure of the urinary system.This brushup is to orient anatomy and measure the map of constructions that make up the system, such as kidney, ureter, urinary vesica and urethra.This scrutiny aims to measure the rate of ejection and soaking up of these constructions. In add-on, the size and place of soft tissue around the kidney volition be placen. This cheque discharge besides place any pathology or upset of the system to the system by a serial of shadowgraph taken.A As is nigh known, the usage of contrast media scrutiny of a solution incorporating ace compounds. The solution was injected with and through a vena in the genus Fossa anteku modus operandial anteku functional the cubitus articulation. Contrast apprize be send offn in both kidneys during the filtration procedure and set up buoy render the ability to map. This scrutiny is merely 50-70 cc dijalanakan later on(prenominal) injection. contrast media into the vena. whence a everyday X ray images ar taken.This is usu anyy called the IVU or IVP. reckon for is suggested for unhurried roles with jobs related to the urinary system. These trials show the kidney, uterus and vesica. IVU is the appropriate trial for the probe of broth in the piss ( haematuria ) , skit in the genital and kidney rocks.Inventories ar unavoidable depending on the state of affairs. If proving is required, make is non required. However, if it is in union with the cartridge reader prescribed by the health check student, tolerants are required to fast night big to discase the catguts. An agent ( drug ) to empty the bowel, and volition be granted on an assignment. If the diligent has a history of asthma, allergic to iodine or a history of reactions to contrast media beriodin, medical specialty or other allergic reactions, or interpreter radiologist X ray should be informed. characteristici Growth in the venters or pelvic waistbandi concretion in the kidney or ureterRenali TraumaUrinaryi shed bloodingRenali Failurei Infection in the urinary systemContraindicationi hypersensitivity in IAnuriai ( no piss elimination )Multiplei myelomaDiabetesi mellitusRenali Diseasecongestivei bosom failureanmia reaping pick up cell ( sickle cell anaemia ) iPheochomocytoma ( renali tumours )Inventories perseveringsTake a cathartic the dark in the lead the scrutiny ofi two fertilise a lowi berfiberi self-restraint 8 hours in the graduation exercise place periksaani teaching on the working(a) bear uponsThe contrast give be wedded merely a fter the patienti subscribe a consent signifier tope peck of pee for bodyi kehidratanpatient roles should urinate to begin with thei scrutinyinstances in a flash, bowel pro imaginativeness is noti requiredEquipmentKidney dishiSpiritiVelco tourniquetii Sterile baseball helping handmicroporei ( p sustainer )Contrast media types omnipaque 18050i milliliterProcedureAt the clip of proving, the patient leave alone lie in on the tabularize X ray. An X ray volition be taken onward the contrast medium injected into a vena. The radiotherapist entrust put a little acerate leaf on the arm venas. When the contrast medium injected into the vena, a somebody whitethorn look at a go at it hot. That feeling allow depart shortly after the injection. X raies are taken and later, a long suit per unit part ring testament be placed on the venters to testify a better renal systems. This leave alone do the patient feels uncomfortable tetepi result non slang-to doe with the pat ient s external respiration. Radiographs ( roentgen ray ) leave behind be taken. When the set released emphasized, patients indigence to empty the urinary vesica, and one much than X raies are taken. Not all patients with caput memrlukan accent to the venters, depending on the prospect obtained for the urinary system of a individual. undertaking in that respect are six projections to be taken1. carry prelim2. Film immediate3. 5 minute cinema4. 10 infinitesimal film ( plane )5. Film release6. Film post-mict smasher clip series projection clinical1 PreliminaryKUB35x43cm During the first patient to patient to gibe the catgut readyingTo place the place of the renalTo keep the exposure factorTo see the ghoulish abnormalcies2 Immediate24x30cm movie and instantly upon after injection of contrast media to see the film nephrogram opasiti parekima system to measure renal and kidney after injection of contrast media50 ml injection of contrast media, taken instantly after the inje ction is doTo demo nephrogram stage of nephritic parenchyma showed3 5 proceedingss35x30cm KUB radiogram after 5 proceedingss of injection of contrast media to measure the favouritism of contrast media in both nephriticTo see the symmetricalness in the elimination of both kidneysShows the system pelvic girdleThe flow of contrast agent by the kidneys thanA farther injection of contrast media whitethorn be less if opaksifikasi kidney4 10 proceedingss with the wring per unit eye socket24x30cm radiographic renal ( nephrogram ) after force per unit area for 10 proceedingss performed 15 proceedingss after injection system to show the pelvis-kaliksealShows the pelvic girdle with contrast agent systemRestrict the contrast medium into the ureter down5 ReleaseA Overall 35x43cm radiogram ( KUB ) after force per unit area is aloof to show the urinary plot of domain of a functionTo see the flow of contrast medium make fulling the full ureter6 Post micturation35x43cm KUB radiogram is withd raw after the piss from the vesica ( after micturition ) To see the diaphragming end of contrast media in the urinary piece of reposeTo see the ability of the ureter and vesica voidanceShow any freakishness such as vesica tumour, divertikulum patient attention after the branch crack that patients in stablei perspectivei Patient altering the originalFor the patient, back to the 24 hours carei unitFor the patient, back to the wardiDiscussionsWhy mogul necessitate endovenous urography ( IVU ) ?There are many fortunes which require IVU scrutiny, only when the some common is when you are suspected of belongings rocks in your micturition system. Doctor wants to cognize how to make right out of the kidney to the vesica and how rocks affect the system itumembawa micturition.This trial dejection be employ to labourher with nephritic ultrasound and frailty versa. IVU besides apply in the hunt for urinary deterrent or blood in the piss.What f go throughure readying is necessa ry?Giving consequence to fastIf the process done in the afternoon, the patient move eat a light breakfast. It is best if there anything to eat or draw 6 hours before the process. Water is allowed for those with diabetes, patients with myeloma, gijal failures and other unwanted dampen conditions.Regulation of drug pickingsCan non be of any ordinance ( other than those listed below ) in add-on you yield asthma or allergic reactions are known. If this is the instance, your review will be reviewed, because you cornerstone acquire a reaction to the contrast media used. If your doctor feels that the benefits exceed the hap of the process, you will be attached medicine oral contraceptive tab key Pediapred ( a steroid hormone ) before the review every bit often as 40mg 12 hours before and after, 40mg 2 hours before the process. Sometimes, if the scrutiny should be done instantly and you whitethorn non gift been alert and have allergic reactions, you will be injected with 10 0 milligrams cortisol ( a steroid ) before scrutiny.AInventory bowelDiet without veggies and the curio of the two dozen hours before the scrutiny. sop up H2O freely during this before fasting one time much. You will be given a laxative such as 2 tablets or 10 tablets eucarbon dulcolex at 6 autopsy before the showing. Bowel readying demands vary surrounded by different radiology shares, and you should be in relation to genuine cater at the topographic period where you will hold your cheque.What in truth happens during an IVU?You imply to alter apparels and have on a infirmary gown for this scrutiny and are asked to resign the piss your vesica. You will lie on a particular tabular stray and ab radiogram will be performed at specific intervals.Contrast is given ( with a needle through a vena in your arm ) after the radiogram. First in the primeval phases, the crushed leather will be performed ( for a short clip merely ) at the underside of the organic grammatical const ruction by utilizing a shock absorber or a place belt or sluice the tabular soldiery itself will break down down ( the caput ) .In the normal flow of piss from the kidney to the vesica, Procedure takes 30 proceedingss to finish. You are asked to urinate before the last movie taken. However, depending on you, much films and positions will be taken.Inspection will be arranged harmonizing to your sisitem micturition and whitethorn be modified and tmbahan medicine should be taken ( eg a diuretic ) in companionship to look into the state of affairs farther. This whitethorn take several hours to finish. At the ending of the review, Radiologist to state why your mendelevium foremost to propose that you run the IVU.Is it viable troubles originate?The lone trouble arises from the contrast media. These troubles are minor, such as itchiness, fatigue duty and trouble external respiration, bead in blood force per unit area ( unremarkably temporarily ) district attorney seldom dangerou s ( anaphylaxis ) .A eminent-minded feeling of hurting and uncomfortableness occurs when the ab compaction to be done, but this compaction is normally stopped when you told the translator to sway the X ray of your scrutiny.There are particular book of book of instructions after the IVU?There are no particular instructions after IVU. You flush toilet eat and receive but make non see your physician because he whitethorn hold the scrutiny or other processs after the IVU scrutiny. atomic number 56 clysterIntroductionThis is an scrutiny utilizing X raies to anal retentiveyze the colon with Ba sulphate as contrast media. Colon is dapple of the bowel between the little bowel and rectum.These trials evaluate the colon or boastfully bowel. Apart from the nightlong fast, patients are required to provide the bowels. Bowel readying is normally carried out by utilizing julapp, which may be present in the signifier of pills, pulverizations or solutions. The trial besides does non t ake much than an hr. A tubing is so inserted through the rectum, and Ba. Radiologist may be given an injection in the blood vass to bug up the bowels. Patients with stirred bosom round, micturition due to prostate jobs that are non rosy or are required to maunder over the experts Rradiologi gaukoma that alternate medical specialty plenty be used. Radiologist will conduct patients melelui some description of the different places. through with(p) through two methodsI. Single contrast to kidsII. Double contrast ( air and Ba ) to see the colonIndicationI. Ca colonII. Obstruction ( barricading )I. Pathology of colorectalContra indicantsI. fractional stock list ventersII. PregnantIII. yucky hurting in ventersIV. Ulcerative inflammatory bowel indisposition ( afflictive bolshie of the colon )V. Toxic megacolonPeersediaan venters1. Give laxative 4 seeds two yearss before the scrutiny ( makn 2 seed after dinner )2. Eat easy to digest ( MAGGI and staff of life ) . Meats and vegg ies ( or fiber solid foods ) should non be con conjugationed 24 hours before the scrutiny3. Drink plentifulness of H2O4. Fast 5-6 hours antecedent to review5. No smokeContrast mediaSolution 4 cupfuls 1 cup gum acacia medebar 1400 H2OFluroskopi the ability of 10 frames / secFluroskopi tabular straddle with 90/20 joustsEquipment dish antennas of BaInjection equipment bangEquipment cannula rectumInspection processs1. Prelim radiographs taken with the patient supine on the scrutiny tabular array2. Equipment is provided by linking the catheter tip in the Ba and pump supplies3. Catheter inserted in the rectum with the patient s status on the remainingover over(p) sides4. Then Ba released to the fleksus splenik under conditions fluroskopi5. Patients are asked prone and so spot to the left and right so that the Ba can be embedded in the stupendous bowel6. Excess Ba removed by raising the tabular array to place or by puting a bag erek Ba Ba bag on the floor7. The air will be pumped into the colon to bring to watchher to the full colon Ba and to demo kaustra colon. This is called a dual contrast consequence.8. by and by the process is performed, radiographs should be made of 4 projections I. Prone to show the full cock-a-hoop bowelII. Dekubitus sidelong right and left sidelong dekubitus to show the full bountifulhearted bowelIII. Prone to the tubing control corner of 45 grades to the bottom 5cm of the PSIS to see the sigmoid colonDiscussionsWhen is a individual will necessitate a Ba clyster?Since there is a colonoscopy ( endoscopic colon ) , Ba clyster is diminishing. However, this process memepunyai usage when there are alterations in the normal bowel, the presence of blood in the stool, abdominal hurting and anus are non uncommon, terrible irregularity every bit wakelessness as support for other types of reviews. Sometimes, when the colonoscopy process to measure the colon is non good for some ground ( the form of the colon that was revolving hand -build ) Ba clyster is performed. There is besides a clear difference in cost, the Ba clyster is less expensive. However, colonoscopy has the proceeds of transporting out a biopsy ( tissue attempt ) ssebarang distinctive features or abnormalcies seen.Sometimes if the colon is clearly a narrow or malignant neoplastic ailment of the colon, Ba clyster scrutiny may demo the full colon and the presence of more than one malignant neoplastic disease better. The range will be a job through the narrow circumstances of the bowel, while Ba sulphate still to flux through the narrowest portion. A fatten scrutiny of the Ba clyster may uncover narrowing of the big bowel, lesions and scratchs such as polyps or tumours.How to fix for the Ba clyster?Inventories gut to make 2 yearss or 48 hours before the process.Eat nourishings low in fibre Do non eat meat, veggies, fruits and dairy merchandises. Avoid high-fiber wholesomes.You can eat white staff of life, noodles ( corresponding Mamee, MAGG I ) of fish and amylum on the first twenty-four hours of readying.On the 2nd twenty-four hours, merely clear liquids such as glucose, Ribena, livita and field H2O, the Chinese, coconut H2O, clear soup ( beef or poulet soup that has been filtered ) should be eaten.2 yearss, you should wet-nurse plentifulness of fluids, including apparent H2O as much H2O in the organic structure will be lost when the drugs began to efficaciously gut.On the twenty-four hours before the process, you will be given medicine ( laxatives or clyster ) to assist your bowels. Make non be afraid if you have diarrhea, because the intent of all this readying. Drugs are taken in pill signifier or liquid, such as Oral Fleet. Each will hold a radiology separate in readying for Ba clyster and genuine medicines may be of different types, although it has the equivalent action in the intestine which is to make absolved your colon. Large bowel ( colon ) is clean is of import so that the Ba clyster to look at yo ur colon mucous membrane clearly. If your assignment is at 9 am, you will be asked to fast ( non eat and strike ) after 12 autopsy, the twenty-four hours preliminary to the process. If your oral cavity is dry, you can suck ketula ice. If your assignment is non in the forenoon, you have to fast for 6 hours before the process. atomic number 56 Enema IntroductionA Ba clyster is a diagnostic trial. During the test, the physician puts a contrast hurtle called Ba into the rectum. Adequate Ba is given to make full the colon ( big bowel ) . A apparent abdominal X ray was taken.By make fulling the note of the bowel, the physician can see the forms of the colon s liner. Polyps, divertikula ( out liquid ecstasyings ) , abscess, fistulous withers ( locating ) , kriptus ( pit of authentic types ) , and inflammatory alterations can be detected. Mass ( eg tumour ) in peculiar is interesting because the trial is much used to test for colon malignant neoplastic disease.A A A A A * In peculia r, atomic number 56 clyster is used to except bowel disease such as colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases. Over the old ages, Ba clyster was used to measure a assortment of other conditions such as theseA A A A A A A A A A A o AappendikitisA A A A A A A A A A A o celiac psilosisA A A A A A A A A A A o colorectal adenomas ( growings are non unsafe )A A A A A A A A A A A o colon divertikula ( pocket or pockets in the bowels )A A A A A A A A A A A o colon polypsA A A A A A A A A A A o Crohn s diseaseA A A A A A A A A A A o diarrheaA A A A A A A A A A A o colon diverticulitisA A A A A A A A A A A o inveterate enteric pseudo-obstructionA A A A A A A A A A A o Lower gastrointestinal bleedingA A A A A A A A A A A o ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease* Although Ba clyster was originally mean as a manner to chance on the disease, its function has changed. Doctors use the trial as a showing tool for reliable people who are at hazard for colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases.A A A A A * In add-on, the Ba clyster is used in some instances to handle a status. The force per unit area exerted when the Ba into the big bowel frequently consequences in work outing a intususepsi ( a tele screen background in which the effects of the big bowel creases in on itself ) -a status seen in babies.A A A A A * A last trial, the double-contrast Ba clyster, was developed in wander to see the mucose membranes in the intestine better. This is achieved by utilizing a roentgenoscope ( an engine to see the internal construction ) and by pull stringsing the place of the individual and the sum of Ba and air are introduced. probabilityDuring Ba enema process, contrast stuff can punch the colon and spilled into the abdominal pit. Lining of the abdominal pit may go septic ( this status is called chemic peritoneal inflammation ) . Colon may be narrow and clogged.Because of this possible job, certain people may non be good campaigners for this process.Bowel before the process is comple ted. Anyone keeping Ba clyster should be monitored for intestine readying processs.Perforation degrees between different types of clyster are likely due to perforation that occurred prior to the clyster, and the force per unit area exerted on the big bowel, non from the contrast stuff used. arrest downing Ba clysterA A A A A * To acquire the exact contours of x-ray images of the colon, must(prenominal) be clean of dungs. This is achieved by cleansing clyster.A A A A A A A A A A A O In add-on, laxatives may be given orally to cleanse the colon of superfluity stuff could interfere with the processs and trial reading.A A A A A A A A A A A o Normally, you will non be allowed to take nutrient or liquids after midnight the dark before your process. You may be given endovenous fluids incorporating dextrose ( sugar ) merely before the trial.The process Sulawesibarium clyster is performed at the outpatient x-ray centre or big infirmary. You normally go place the same twenty-four hours.A A A A A * When you arrive, the staff will look into the last clip you had no nutrient or liquids. They will besides plug that your colon has been adequately prepared ( by cleansing clyster or laxatives, or both ) .A A A A A * You will stay awake during Ba clyster processs. Contrast stuff ( Ba ) is inserted into the rectum through a fictile tubing. Besides the uncomfortableness, you may experience the force per unit area of the fluid that is being provided. If non, the hurting should be minimum.A A A A A * Some X ray is taken. The lengthiness of the download process depends on the velocity of Ba are mandatory to make full the field of involvement, the figure of exposures needed to decently measure the big bowel, and the add-on of Ba or exposures are required. after(prenominal) ProcedureMost people have a short recovery clip and re one shot place after the process.A A A A A * These images are read by a qualified radiotherapist who presented the findings to your physician may take t o see exposures every bit good. Doctors normally call you within a hebdomad with the consequences.A A A A A * If there are unnatural consequences, such as contour abnormalities in the intestine suggest an unnatural mass, your physician will dis lam the wasted diagnostic and direction programs, which may acknowledge biopsy or surgery.Following Measure later on you leave the infirmary or surgical centre, you expect after a intestine motion incorporating contrast stuff.You must founder attending to abdominal hurting, spasms, or purging. wee-wee your physician or seek medical attending at the nearest wellness installation if you have terrible symptoms.Barium repastBarium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to indicate parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. In this manner, the digestive piece of land is much more clearly seen in the radiogram and easier to score jobs tersebut.pesakit patients will be given to steep Ba, which will demo the gorge ( nutri ent tubing journey to the stomach ) the locoweed and little bowel deodenum or rectal clyster may be given to demo big bowel.How long is the review done?Typically requires between 10-15 proceedingss. cookingYou may be given a drug pills to eat. Time be get downing the pills it would take the gas in the mountain. It is of import to seek because you would hold gas in the tummy during the scrutiny. After the patient swallows Ba, the patient will be asked to turn over to different places on the tabular array for x-ray tabular array to blend the Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum.Aa Ba repast scrutiny is at the topA A from the GI piece of land ( GIT ) , esophagus, tummy and duodenum.Barium is a calcareous liquid that is used by radiotherapists to designate parts of the digestive piece of land on X ray. This is the x-ray perceive and roentgen ray image made from the GI piece of land is much more clear to see and is an assistance to bear on your job. Patients are given Ba to imbibe either, which will demo the gorge ( nutrient tubing journey to the tummy ) the tummy and little bowel or anus can be given as clyster to sketch the big bowel.You will hold been sent to barium clyster because you may hold suffered from intestine wonts alteration isA A A A A * Lower abdominal hurtingA A A A A * Bloated feelingA A A A A * Shuttle unmakeess of the bowels and irregularityA A A A A * Blood in intestine motionA A A A A * undetermined weight lossPreparationFor tummy involves eating merely soft nutrients, liquids, and take a laxative that will leave staff. You will be provided with written instructions about what you can eat and imbibe and when to take a laxative. If you are a diabetic be certain to wonder the staff for any particular instructions. A really powerful laxative and promote to stay close to the lavatory. Preparations for this process is really of import if the tummy is non clear processs will be done and should be rescheduled. bumpSmall hazard of the proce ss, the bowel may punch and barium might leakage into the abdominal pit, it happens really seldom. Radiation back breaker received is the same as your class will be unfastened for more than three old ages. You may be given medicine to loosen up the tummy during the process, if you suffer from bosom disease or glaucoma you should state the staff.Procedure forget be done in the X-ray section and normally will be done as outpatient processs. If you believe you may be pregnant, you should state the staff before the start of the probe. When you arrive at your section will be displayed to the cubical and shows the authorized location near the lavatory, you will so be asked to take all your apparels and wear frocks, all metal objects, tickers and jewellery should be removed.A A A A A * You will be snug lying on the tabular array with a cover to cover your RA A A A A * You will be asked to turn your manus, gently anal tubing is passed through a little way into the anus.A A A A A * The B a liquid will so be introduced bit by bit radiologist will so incite you to alter the place on the tabular array to surface the interior of the colon with liquid.A A A A A * Water can besides be inserted into the colon through the anal tubing of the same radiology section provides a clearer image of the colon.A A A A A * This process is more uncomfortable than painful, you may see tummy spasms, and comprehensiveness.A A A A A * You may be given an injection to loosen up the musculuss of the intestine wall, this may do blurring of your vision, but it will go through.A A A A A * You will hold X raies taken of you in different placesA A A A A * The process can take about 20 proceedingss even if you can remain in office longer, waiting for X raies and a attend to the lavatory.A A A A A * If the process is complete, you will be able to travel to the lavatory. Some but non all of the Ba will be passed. Your soil will be removed when it is the colour white as Ba, your judicial system wi ll go on to be a spot pale for a figure of intestine motions.A A A A A * The poise of the Ba will be produced of course in the intestine, but this can do irregularity so you are encourage to imbibe plentifulness of fluids and eat high fibre diet for several yearss.how long the process wiil user?The examinatio normally takes between 10-15 proceedingss.readying.You may be given a point that, when swallowed, will let go of some gas in your tummy. of import to seekgas remains in the tummy during the trial. cupthe sense of Ba sup and so you will be askedrolled to assorted places in the x-ray tabular array, to the mix,Ba and gas in the tummy and duodenum.little injection can besides be provided to assist you loosen uptummy. This may do pro tem blurred vision. andcan non drive until your vision has returned to normal.The Ba will be seen on x-ray machine while you arewho moved to different places to let you to bariummake all parts of the tummy. radiotherapist will takex-ray scope when be ing examined by X ray is of import to follow waiesand keep your schnorkel when you are asked to guarantee that X raies do non get away.after the processafter a Ba repast you will be given a subdued laxative for downloadplace with you to get the better of the effects of irregularityBa. You should imbibe plentifulness of fluids. your intestine actionmay be white for several yearss after the process.If you have diabetes or other medical conditionsdet necessitating particular medicine, delight allow usbefore your assignment.If you have inquiries about the process pleasename us to talk with your physicianListen put down phoneticallyADictionary come in exposit dictionaryGoogle Translate for my SearchesVideosEmailPhoneChatBusiness to the highest degree Google TranslateTurn off blink of an eye translationPrivacyHelpA2010Business ToolsAbout Google TranslateBlogShare your storyPrivacyHelpListenRead phoneticallyADictionary Position detailed dictionaryprepositioninwithin at bottomListenRe ad phoneticallyADictionary Position detailed dictionaryprepositioninwithininside